Propofol: therapeutic indications and side-effects.

Abstract:

:Propofol (2, 6-diisopropylphenol) is a potent intravenous hypnotic agent which is widely used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia and for sedation in the intensive care unit. Propofol is an oil at room temperature and insoluble in aqueous solution. Present formulations consists of 1% or 2% (w/v) propofol, 10% soybean oil, 2.25% glycerol, and 1.2% egg phosphatide. Disodium edetate (EDTA) or metabisulfite is added to retard bacterial and fungal growth. Propofol is a global central nervous system depressant. It directly activates GABA(A) receptors. In addition, propofol inhibits the NMDA receptor and modulates calcium influx through slow calcium ion channels. Propofol has a rapid onset of action with a dose-related hypnotic effect. Recovery is rapid even after prolonged use. Propofol decreases cerebral oxygen consumption, reduces intracranial pressure and has potent anti-convulsant properties. It is a potent antioxidant, has anti-inflammatory properties and is a bronchodilator. As a consequence of these properties propofol is being increasingly used in the management of traumatic head injury, status epilepticus, delirium tremens, status asthmaticus and in critically ill septic patients. Propofol has a remarkable safety profile. Dose dependent hypotension is the commonest complication; particularly in volume depleted patients. Hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis are uncommon complications. Allergic complications, which may include bronchospasm, have been reported with the formulation containing metabisulfite. In addition, this formulation has been demonstrated to result in the generation of oxygen free radicals. High dose propofol infusions have been associated with the "propofol syndrome"; this is a potentially fatal complication characterized by severe metabolic acidosis and circulatory collapse. This is a rare complication first reported in pediatric patients and believed to be due to decreased transmembrane electrical potential and alteration of electron transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

journal_name

Curr Pharm Des

authors

Marik PE

doi

10.2174/1381612043382846

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2004-01-01 00:00:00

pages

3639-49

issue

29

eissn

1381-6128

issn

1873-4286

journal_volume

10

pub_type

杂志文章,评审
  • Developing antiangiogenic peptide drugs for angiogenesis-related diseases.

    abstract::Angiogenesis is regulated by stimulators and inhibitors and involve multiple biological processes including endothelial cell proliferation, migration, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, assembly into tube structures as well as apoptosis. Designing and developing peptides for therapeutic application to inhibit angioge...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2174/138161207781039715

    authors: Sulochana KN,Ge R

    更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00

  • BPC 157 and Standard Angiogenic Growth Factors. Gastrointestinal Tract Healing, Lessons from Tendon, Ligament, Muscle and Bone Healing.

    abstract::Commonly, the angiogenic growth factors signify healing. However, gastrointestinal ulceration is still poorly understood particularly with respect to a general pharmacological/pathophysiological role of various angiogenic growth factors implemented in growth factors wound healing concept. Thereby, we focused on the st...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612824666180712110447

    authors: Seiwerth S,Rucman R,Turkovic B,Sever M,Klicek R,Radic B,Drmic D,Stupnisek M,Misic M,Vuletic LB,Pavlov KH,Barisic I,Kokot A,Japjec M,Blagaic AB,Tvrdeic A,Rokotov DS,Vrcic H,Staresinic M,Sebecic B,Sikiric P

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of modafinil on cognitive performance and alertness during sleep deprivation.

    abstract::The performance- and alertness-sustaining/restoring effects of modafinil during sleep deprivation in normal, healthy adults were reviewed. Results indicate that modafinil is efficacious for sustaining/restoring objective performance and alertness during sleep deprivation with few adverse effects. At appropriate dosage...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161206777698819

    authors: Wesensten NJ

    更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00

  • Rationale for Ras and raf-kinase as a target for cancer therapeutics.

    abstract::Improvements in our understanding of the intrinsic aberrancies in cancer cells have enabled the design and development of novel therapeutics that specifically target these changes. Among the many complex cellular pathways and mechanisms which have been unveiled by new molecular techniques, RAS-mediated signal transduc...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612023393107

    authors: Nottage M,Siu LL

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Treatment of disorders characterized by reversible airway obstruction in childhood: are anti-cholinergic agents the answer?

    abstract::Release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves in the airways activates postjunctional muscarinic receptors present on smooth muscle, submucosal glands and blood vessels. This triggers bronchoconstriction, muscle hypertrophy, mucus secretion, and vasodilatation, respectively. The release of acetylcholine from pa...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612811209023061

    authors: Quizon A,Colin AA,Pelosi U,Rossi GA

    更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00

  • Interleukin-6: A Critical Cytokine in Cancer Multidrug Resistance.

    abstract::Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a phenomenon through which tumor cells develop resistance against the cytotoxic effects of various structurally and mechanistically unrelated chemotherapeutic agents. The most consistent feature in MDR is overexpression and/or overactivity of ATP-dependent drug efflux transporters. Other ...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612822666151124234417

    authors: Ghandadi M,Sahebkar A

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00

  • The oxido-reductase activity of the apoptosis inducing factor: a promising pharmacological tool?

    abstract::The apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) was first discovered as a caspase-independent apoptosis effector that promoted cell death upon release from the mitochondria (triggered by pro-apoptotic stimuli) and relocalization into the nucleus, where it promotes chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. AIF is a mammalian m...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612811319140012

    authors: Ferreira P,Villanueva R,Cabon L,Susín SA,Medina M

    更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00

  • Advanced glycation and advanced lipoxidation: possible role in initiation and progression of diabetic retinopathy.

    abstract::Diabetic retinopathy remains the most common microvascular complication suffered by diabetic patients and is the leading cause of registerable blindness in the working population of developed countries. The clinicopathological lesions of diabetic retinopathy have been well characterised and although a multitude of pat...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612043383124

    authors: Stitt AW,Frizzell N,Thorpe SR

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • Herpes simplex viruses in antiviral drug discovery.

    abstract::Since the 1950's, herpes simplex viruses (HSV) have played prominent roles in the development of antivirals. The first efficacious antivirals, as well as the first safe for systemic use, were developed against HSV. It was only in 1995 when the first antiviral against a target not validated first with HSV was approved ...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161206776361174

    authors: Schang LM

    更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00

  • Inflammation, infection and preterm birth.

    abstract::Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Pathological processes that have been linked with preterm birth infection and / or intrauterine inflammation are most frequently found associated with their induction. Studies in animal models and human research showed prior infections to the ind...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612820666140130202224

    authors: Burdet J,Rubio AP,Salazar AI,Ribeiro ML,Ibarra C,Franchi AM

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • Difficulties in describing allergic disease modulation by pre-, pro- and synbiotics.

    abstract::The so-called hygiene hypothesis is, at least in part, accountable for the increase in allergic diseases in the developed countries. Although there is support for one of its primary predictions that host-microbe interactions in early life have longterm effects on the development of disease across populations, the theo...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161212800166031

    authors: Jeurink PV,Rijnierse A,Martin R,Garssen J,Knippels LM

    更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00

  • Protective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) against apoptosis.

    abstract::Apoptosis is a regulated process leading to cell death, which is implicated both in normal development and in various pathologies including heart failure, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Caspase-3, a key enzyme of the apoptotic pathway, is considered as a major target for the treatment of abnormal cell death. M...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161211795049679

    authors: Seaborn T,Masmoudi-Kouli O,Fournier A,Vaudry H,Vaudry D

    更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00

  • Medical management of the diabetic patient with coronary artery disease.

    abstract::The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising at an alarming rate worldwide. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. Future CAD risk should be routinely assessed in patients with diabetes as specific subgroups might benefit from information derived from c...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161208786071272

    authors: Karastergiou K,Kaski JC

    更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00

  • Recombinant human serum albumin fusion proteins and novel applications in drug delivery and therapy.

    abstract::Fusion proteins have been well-studied and widely applied in biopharmaceutics. Albumin fusion proteins are simple to construct, easy to purify, and stable to formulate. One main application of fusion protein is to extend the plasma half-life of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Albiglutide for diabetes treatment is t...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612821666150302120047

    authors: Rogers B,Dong D,Li Z,Li Z

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • As-needed use of benzodiazepines in managing clinical anxiety: incidence and implications.

    abstract::Benzodiazepines (BZs) have been widely investigated in terms of clinical efficacy, factors underlying dependence, associated cognitive impairments, and interactions with psychotherapy for anxiety control. However, few studies have systematically considered manner of BZ administration in relation to these variables. St...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612023396744

    authors: Westra HA,Stewart SH

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Whole cell biocatalysts for the preparation of nucleosides and their derivatives.

    abstract::Nucleosides constitute an extensive group of natural and chemically modified compounds that display a wide range of structures and activities. Different biocatalysts have been developed for their preparation, but the choice of commercially available enzymes is limited. Therefore, the search of new biocatalysts is part...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2174/1381612823666171011101133

    authors: Lewkowicz ES,Iribarren AM

    更新日期:2017-10-11 00:00:00

  • Pharmacogenetics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): time to "work it out"?

    abstract::The disappointing results in long-term survival of patients affected by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may be attributed, at least in part, to the lack of knowledge on the way by which genetic characteristics in normal and neoplastic cells affect responsiveness as well as metabolism of chemotherapy and new targete...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/13816128113196660756

    authors: Galvani E,Toffalorio F,Peters GJ,De Pas T,Giovannetti E

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • Kv7 channels as targets for the treatment of pain.

    abstract::Kv7.x channels are a family of six transmembrane domain, single pore-loop, voltage-gated K(+) channels. Five members of the family have been identified to date, including the cardiac channel Kv7.1 (formerly known as KvLQT1) and four neuronal Kv7.x channels, Kv7.2-5. Heteromeric channels containing Kv7.3 and either Kv7...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161209788186326

    authors: Wickenden AD,McNaughton-Smith G

    更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00

  • Glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in sepsis.

    abstract::Hyperglycemia is a common feature of the critically ill in general and of patients with sepsis in particular. Even a moderate degree of hyperglycemia appears detrimental for the outcome of critically ill patients, since maintenance of normoglycemia (blood glucose levels

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161208784980563

    authors: Van Cromphaut SJ,Vanhorebeek I,Van den Berghe G

    更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00

  • Molecular mechanisms of drug photodegradation and photosensitization.

    abstract::Drug-induced photosensitivity of the skin is drawing increasing attention. In past few decades, photosensitivity has been reported with an array of drugs, and is now recognized as a noteworthy medical problem by clinicians, regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry. The photosensitivity is of two types i.e., ...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612822666151209151408

    authors: Zaheer MR,Gupta A,Iqbal J,Zia Q,Ahmad A,Roohi,Owais M,Hashlamon A,Mohd Setapar SH,Ashraf GM,Aliev G

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00

  • Nitric oxide in asthma therapy.

    abstract::The discovery of the delicate role of endogenous nitric oxide in the homeostasis of various cellular functions and the dynamic behaviour of the airways, has led to a new, rapidly progressing area of physiological science, that has direct bearing for our understanding of multiple airway diseases. The potentially protec...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161206778194141

    authors: Folkerts G,Nijkamp FP

    更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00

  • Melatonin receptor agonist agomelatine: a new drug for treating unipolar depression.

    abstract::Agomelatine markedly differs from other classes of antidepressant drugs: its primary molecular targets in vivo are the melatonin MT(1) and MT(2) receptors, where it acts as a potent agonist, and the 5-HT(2C) receptors, where it exerts clear-cut antagonist properties. Agomelatine across a wide range of clinical trials ...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161209788168056

    authors: Bourin M,Prica C

    更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00

  • Venlafaxine Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Serum by Ion-Selective Electrodes.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The application of an ion selective technique for the determination of analyte concentrations is considered one of the most economical techniques for quality control purposes. OBJECTIVE:To elaborate and investigate the construction and general performance characteristics of potentiometric PVC membrane senso...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2174/1381612824666180727112730

    authors: Mansour MF,El-Moety MMA,El Kady EF,El Guindi NM,Schepdael AV,Aly SME

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Journey to the Center of the Cell: Current Nanocarrier Design Strategies Targeting Biopharmaceuticals to the Cytoplasm and Nucleus.

    abstract::New biopharmaceutical molecules, potentially able to provide more personalized and effective treatments, are being identified through the advent of advanced synthetic biology strategies, sophisticated chemical synthesis approaches, and new analytical methods to assess biological potency. However, translation of many o...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612822666151216151420

    authors: Munsell EV,Ross NL,Sullivan MO

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00

  • Disruption of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep on Critical Illness and the Impact on Cardiovascular Events.

    abstract::The cardiovascular system exhibits significant daily rhythms in physiologic processes (heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac contractility and function), and molecular gene and protein expression. An increasing number of clinical and experimental studies demonstrate the circadian system is an important underlying mechan...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612821666150706105926

    authors: Reitz CJ,Martino TA

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Polyphenols: Potential Use in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Polyphenols are bioactive compounds that can be found mostly in foods like fruits, cereals, vegetables, dry legumes, chocolate and beverages such as coffee, tea and wine. They are extensively used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) providing protection against many chronic illnes...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612824666180130112652

    authors: Giglio RV,Patti AM,Cicero AFG,Lippi G,Rizzo M,Toth PP,Banach M

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Regulatory T cells: major players in the tumor microenvironment.

    abstract::Over the last years a number of reports have described elevated numbers of regulatory T (Treg) cells inside of tumors, in close proximity of the tumor, draining lymph nodes and also in peripheral blood of patients with solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. There is increasing evidence that Treg cells can migrate ...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161209788453211

    authors: Beyer M,Schultze JL

    更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00

  • Regulation of the activity of the human drug metabolizing enzyme arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1: role of genetic and non genetic factors.

    abstract::Human arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 (NAT1 and NAT2) are polymorphic phase II xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes (XME) that acetylate arylamine compounds. They therefore play an important role in the detoxication and/or metabolic activation of certain therapeutic drugs, occupational chemicals and carcinogens. Alt...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612043383845

    authors: Rodrigues-Lima F,Dupret JM

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • The gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease.

    abstract::Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the two principal forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The root causes of these chronic and acute immunological disorders are unclear, but intestinal microorganisms are known to play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of disease. However, at present, there is ...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161209788168146

    authors: Macfarlane GT,Blackett KL,Nakayama T,Steed H,Macfarlane S

    更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00

  • Adrenal Hyperandrogenism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of adrenal hyperandrogenism (AH), as defined by increased circulating dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) levels, ranges from 15 to 45% in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS:The aim of this review is to update the pathogenesis and consequences of AH in PCOS, from molecula...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612822666160720150625

    authors: Luque-Ramírez M,Escobar-Morreale HF

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00