Abstract:
:Neural network models were examined during delayed matching-to-sample tasks (DMS), and neurons in a monkey's prefrontal cortex were studied during the performance of comparable tasks. In DMS, various input stimuli follow a sample stimulus, and an output should occur whenever the sample reappears. Our previous models have been restricted to certain kinds of inputs, outputs, and temporal patterns. Here, we generalized the models by training them on both spatial and nonspatial inputs, spatial and nonspatial outputs, and both fixed and variable interstimulus intervals. Two versions of DMS were presented to both the model and the monkey, both involving nonspatial samples: (1) Two stimuli simultaneously appeared at a variable interval after the sample; and (2) A series of single stimuli appeared at fixed intervals after the sample. Both versions required identical spatial responses, reflecting the direction (left or right) of the matching stimulus relative to a central origin. Thus, these two versions of DMS involved the same samples, memory, and responses, but established different response contexts. Our analysis focused on unit activity prior to stimuli, as well as that prior to responses, termed anticipatory and response-related activity, respectively. In both the model and the monkey, anticipatory activity occurred only for fixed interstimulus intervals. In the model, we could determine that anticipatory activity acted either like a filter to suppress inappropriate responses or it served to enhance the network's general readiness to respond. As for response-related activity, units in both the model and the monkey showed directional selectivity and had a strong dependence on response context. In the model, we could show that this activity contributed both to the suppression of inappropriate responses and to the generation of correct ones. None of the model's hidden units contributed exclusively to computing the direction of match output. Instead, their response-related activity contributed to the computation of both the match decision and the correct response direction.
journal_name
J Cogn Neuroscijournal_title
Journal of cognitive neuroscienceauthors
Moody SL,Wise SPdoi
10.1162/089892900562255subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-05-01 00:00:00pages
429-48issue
3eissn
0898-929Xissn
1530-8898journal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章abstract::In everyday listening situations, we need to constantly switch between alternative sound sources and engage attention according to cues that match our goals and expectations. The exact neuronal bases of these processes are poorly understood. We investigated oscillatory brain networks controlling auditory attention usi...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00452
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A configural theory of human amnesia is proposed. The theory predicts that amnesic patients will exhibit selective deficits on tasks that normal subjects perform by learning new configurations of stimulus elements. This prediction is supported by results for four amnesic patients who learned a nonconfigural control ta...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892998562915
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We employed a visual rhyming priming paradigm to characterize the development of brain systems important for phonological processing in reading. We studied 109 righthanded, native English speakers within eight age groups: 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14, 15-16, 17-18, 19-20, and 21-23. Participants decided whether two written...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892901750363190
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examined scalp-recorded event-related potentials following feedback stimuli in a time-estimation task. Six hundred msec after indicating the end of a 1 sec interval, subjects received a visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimulus that indicated whether the interval they had produced was correct. Following feedback ...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.788
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is well documented that providing advanced information regarding the spatial location of a target stimulus (i.e., spatial anticipation) or its timing of occurrence (i.e., temporal anticipation) influences reach preparation, reducing RTs. Yet, it remains unknown whether the RT gains attributable to temporal and spat...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01547
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A neural correlate for phrase boundary perception in music has recently been identified in musicians. It is called music closure positive shift ("music CPS") and has an equivalent in the perception of speech ("language CPS"). The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of musical expertise and differ...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892906775990642
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abstract The topic of multiple forms of memory is considered from a biological point of view. Fact-and-event (declarative, explicit) memory is contrasted with a collection of non conscious (non-declarative, implicit) memory abilities including skills and habits, priming, and simple conditioning. Recent evidence is rev...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.1992.4.3.232
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Hayling Sentence Completion Task (HSCT) is known to activate left hemisphere frontal and temporal language regions. However, the effective connectivity between frontal and temporal language regions associated with the task has yet to be examined. The aims of the study were to examine activation and effective conne...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20107
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Language comprehension in everyday life requires the continuous integration of prior discourse context and general world knowledge with the current utterance or sentence. In the neurolinguistic literature, these so-called situation model building processes have been ascribed to the prefrontal cortex or to the right he...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/0898929053747658
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Decision-making algorithms face a basic tradeoff between accuracy and effort (i.e., computational demands). It is widely agreed that humans can choose between multiple decision-making processes that embody different solutions to this tradeoff: Some are computationally cheap but inaccurate, whereas others are computati...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01263
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The putative independence of cortical mechanisms for color, form, and motion raises the binding problem-how is neural activity coordinated to create unified and correctly segmented percepts? Binding could be guided by stimulus-driven correlations between mechanisms, but the nature of these correlations is largely unex...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1162/0898929041502742
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primate ventral and dorsal visual pathways both contain visual object representations. Dorsal regions receive more input from magnocellular system while ventral regions receive inputs from both magnocellular and parvocellular systems. Due to potential differences in the spatial sensitivites of manocellular and parvoce...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01335
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Right-handed participants performed categorical and coordinate spatial relation tasks on stimuli presented either to the left visual field-right hemisphere (LVF-RH) or to the right visual field-left hemisphere (RVF-LH). The stimuli were either unfiltered or low-pass filtered (i.e., devoid of high spatial frequency con...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1162/0898929042568604
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prosopagnosic patients appear to be impaired at recognizing faces. However, recent evidence for "covert recognition" in prosopagnosia has been taken to suggest that the impairment is not in face recognition per se, but rather in conscious access to face recognition. The most widely used test for covert recognition of ...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.1992.4.2.150
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent fMRI studies have found that distinct neural systems may mediate perceptual category learning under implicit and explicit learning conditions. In these previous studies, however, different stimulus-encoding processes may have been associated with implicit versus explicit learning. The present design was aimed a...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21538
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We employed a parametric version of the comparison Stroop paradigm to investigate the processing of numerical magnitude and physical size under task-relevant and -irrelevant conditions to investigate two theoretical issues: (1) What is the neural fate of task-irrelevant information? (2) What is the neural basis of the...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.2049
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::To understand the meanings of words and objects, we need to have knowledge about these items themselves plus executive mechanisms that compute and manipulate semantic information in a task-appropriate way. The neural basis for semantic control remains controversial. Neuroimaging studies have focused on the role of the...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00123
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Illusory motion can be generated by successively flashing a stationary visual stimulus in two spatial locations separated by several degrees of visual angle. In appropriate conditions, the apparent motion is indistinguishable from real motion: The observer experiences a luminous object traversing a continuous path fro...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1174
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two fundamental research questions have driven attention research in the past: One concerns whether selection of relevant information among competing, irrelevant, information takes place at an early or at a late processing stage; the other concerns whether the capacity of attention is limited by a central, domain-gene...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00275
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Response selection is often studied by examining single responses, although most actions are performed within an overarching sequence. Understanding processes that order and execute items in a sequence is thus essential to give a complete picture of response selection. In this study, we investigate response selection ...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01401
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Processing of lexical verbs involves automatic access to argument structure entries entailed within the verb's representation. Recent neuroimaging studies with young normal listeners suggest that this involves bilateral posterior peri-sylvian tissue, with graded activation in these regions on the basis of argument str...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21334
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cognitive research shows that people typically remember actions they perform better than those that they only watch or imagine doing, but also at times misremember doing actions they merely imagined or planned to do (source memory errors). Neural research suggests some overlap between brain regions engaged during acti...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892902317361921
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Behavioral research in human verbal memory function led to the initial definition of episodic memory and semantic memory. A complete model of the neural mechanisms of episodic memory must include the capacity to encode and mentally reconstruct everything that humans can recall from their experience. This article propo...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01439
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::If subjects are required to name the color of the word red printed in blue ink, interference between word meaning and ink color occurs, which slows down reaction time. This effect is well known as the Stroop effect. It is still an unresolved issue how the brain deals with interference in this type of task. To explore ...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20020
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies attempting to increase working memory (WM) capacity show promise in enhancing related cognitive functions but have also raised criticism in the broader scientific community given the inconsistent findings produced by these studies. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to enhance WM per...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00657
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous work has suggested that familiarity/novelty of learned materials affects the circuitry involved in memory, primarily in the size of activations rather than the pattern of activation. Although this work has examined both recall and recognition, it has been limited to verbal material. In this study, we set out ...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892900562084
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::"Priming of pop-out" is a form of implicit memory that facilitates detection of a recently inspected search target. Repeated presentation of a target's features or its spatial position improves detection speed (feature/spatial priming). This study investigated a role for the human frontal eye fields (FEFs) in the prim...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1140
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Humans display a remarkable capacity to use tools instead of their biological effectors. Yet, little is known about the mechanisms that support these behaviors. Here, participants learned to grasp objects, appearing in a variety of orientations, with a novel, handheld mechanical tool. Following training, psychophysica...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21372
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Visual imagery is a basic form of cognition central to activities such as problem solving or creative thinking. Phenomena such as mental rotation, in which mental images undergo spatial transformations, and motion imagery, in which we imagine objects in motion, are very elusive. For example, although several aspects o...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892903322598184
更新日期:2003-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Individuals learn by comparing the outcome of chosen and unchosen actions. A negative counterfactual value signal is generated when this comparison is unfavorable. This can happen in private as well as in social settings-where the foregone outcome results from the choice of another person. We hypothesized that, despit...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01372
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00