Abstract:
:Adverse drug reactions, due at least in part to interindividual variability in drug response, rank between the 4th and 6th leading causes of death in the USA. The field of 'pharmacogenetics', which is 'the study of variability in drug response due to heredity', should help in reducing drug-caused morbidity and mortality. The recently coined term 'pharmacogenomics' usually refers to 'the field of new drug development based on our rapidly increasing knowledge of all genes in the human genome'. However, the two terms - pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics - are often used interchangeably. A classification of more than five dozen pharmacogenetic differences is presented here. Most of these variations occur in drug-metabolizing enzyme (DME) genes, with some presumed to exist in the DME receptor and drug transporter genes, and others have not yet been explained on a molecular basis. A method for unequivocally defining a quantitative phenotype (drug efficacy, toxicity, etc.) is proposed; this is where help from the clinical geneticist can be especially important. Our current appreciation of the degree of variability (including single-nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) in the human genome is described, with emphasis on the need to prove that a particular genotype is indeed the cause of a specific phenotype; this topic has been termed 'functional genomics'. Furthermore, the current amount of admixture amongst almost all ethnic groups will obviously make studies of gene-drug interactions more complicated, as will the withholding of ethnic information about DNA samples during any molecular epidemiologic study. DME genes and DME receptor and drug transporter genes can be regarded as 'modifier genes', because they influence disorders as diverse as risk of cancer, bone marrow toxicity resulting from occupational exposure, and Parkinson's disease; for this reason, the clinical geneticist, as well as the medical genetics counselor, should be knowledgeable in the rapidly expanding fields of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics.
journal_name
Clin Genetjournal_title
Clinical geneticsauthors
Nebert DWdoi
10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.560401.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-10-01 00:00:00pages
247-58issue
4eissn
0009-9163issn
1399-0004journal_volume
56pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章,评审abstract::The dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene encodes the most abundant non-collagenous protein in tooth dentin and DSPP protein is cleaved into several segments including the highly phosphorylated dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). Mutations in the DSPP gene have been solely related to non-syndromic form of hereditary dentin ...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
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doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01483.x
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abstract::An isodicentric X-chromosome idic(X) (pter----q26.1::q26.1----pter) was found in lymphocytes and ovarian tissue of a 40-year-old female patient with secondary amenorrhea. No mosaicism was observed. The phenotype-karyotype correlation of our case and of previously described non-mosaic cases of idic(X) (q::q) with diffe...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb03317.x
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::During three years, 39,924 infants born consecutively in the area covered by our registry of congenital malformations were surveyed; 775 had major congenital malformations. Recurrence risks for the major malformation was estimated and classified as high (greater than 10%, 5.3% of the cases), low (1 to 10%, 85.3% of th...
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doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1986.tb00813.x
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMC) can be associated with both normal and abnormal phenotypes. In addition, SMC are found at higher frequency in males with infertility. We identified a SMC, characterized as a del(15)(q11.2) chromosome, in a phenotypically normal male. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH...
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doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.580611.x
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::X-linked mental retardation (MR) associated with a fragile X chromosome was found in two Swedish families. The fragile X chromosome was demonstrated in 5/5 boys with mental retardation. Clinical data on four of these boys are presented. In one of the families, the mental retardation was associated with macro-orchidism...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1981.tb00678.x
更新日期:1981-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The most relevant phenotypic features seen in both proximal and distal partial trisomy 13 have been identified from a review of 35 cases. Clinical delineation of either proximal or distal partial trisomy 13 has been demonstrated through the use of conspicuous phenotypic differences. The findings of persistent foetal H...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1984.tb01982.x
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The symptomatic treatment of dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) emphasizes the importance of molecular analyses of the GCH-1, TH and parkin genes. However, these analyses have not been extensively studied in Chinese DRD patients. Ten DRD families from the Han ethnic group including 14 patients and 28 clinically unaffected...
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doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01039.x
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two brothers showed ichthyosis, bilateral cryptorchidism, hypogenitalism and mental retardation. In addition, the younger brother had short stature associated with disorders of secretions of insulin, ACTH and GH. This is the third reported case of the syndrome of ichthyosis and hypogonadism. ...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1976.tb01583.x
更新日期:1976-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ciliopathies, a growing pleotropic class of diseases due to mutations in genes that play an important role in primary cilia function. These highly conserved organelles are key to cell signaling. We now know, that mutations in one gene may lead to more than one ciliopathy phenotype and that one ciliopathy phenotype may...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cge.13408
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Skraban-Deardorff syndrome (a disease related to variations in the WDR26 gene; OMIM #617616) was first described in a cohort of 15 individuals in 2017. The syndrome comprises intellectual deficiency, severe speech impairment, ataxic gait, seizures, mild hypotonia with feeding difficulties during infancy, and dysmorphi...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cge.13933
更新日期:2021-01-28 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cge.13210
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hereditary hydronephrosis is a rare condition but several families are described in the literature. The inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant (McKusick number 143400) but the exact aetiology of the hydronephrosis is not clear. However, linkage with the HLA region on chromosome six has been shown previously. We rep...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02719.x
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The syndromic association of striae in the long bones and pelvis, together with sclerosis of the base of the skull, has been investigated in four families. Impairment of hearing and alteration in the shape of the head are the most important clinical manifestations. Spinal abnormalities are an inconsistent feature. The...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1978.tb04250.x
更新日期:1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of long RNAs, are longer than 200 nucleotides in length but lack protein-coding capacity. LncRNAs, as critical genomic regulators, are involved in genomic imprinting regulation, histone modification and gene expression regulation as well as tumor initiation and progression. Howe...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/cge.13800
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02394.x
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A sibship is reported of three generations of a Jordanian family of normal intelligence with a complex malformation of upper extremity, shoulder and thorax, which is combined with variously expressed congenital heart disease. The deformity consists of a flat glenoid fossa, a hypoplastic scapula, aplasia of the humerus...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1989.tb03374.x
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 107 Finnish patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), belonging to 74 families, autosomal recessive inheritance was evident. The sex ratio was 48:51, the corrected proportion of affected sibs being 0.260. Of 68 marriages 15, or 22%, were consanguineous; several of the parents were related and the geograph...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb01770.x
更新日期:1979-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genetic modifiers of liver disease in cystic fibrosis Bartlett et al. (2009) The Journal of the American Medical Association 302: 1076-1083. ...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01365_1.x
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV is a rare, autosomal recessive neurologic disorder, characterized by absence of reaction to painful stimuli, mental retardation, self- mutilating behavior, anhidrosis, and recurrent episodes of hyperthermia. ...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01143.x
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 15-year-old male was referred for management of scoliosis secondary to congenital vertebral anomalies. Cytogenetic analysis was performed because of multiple congenital malformations. The patient was found to have a mosaic 46,XY/48,XXY,+8 chromosome complement with the characteristic clinical and dermatoglyphic feat...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1981.tb01808.x
更新日期:1981-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has progressively replaced conventional karyotype in the diagnostic strategy of intellectual disability (ID) and congenital malformations. This technique increases not only the diagnostic rate but also the possibility of finding unexpected variants unrelated to the indica...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cge.12421
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01323.x
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00483.x
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is often thought that the incidence of genetic disease is rising, because improved medical care is increasing the survival, and therefore the cumulative number of affected people. This examination of the genetic implications of recent demographic change in Europe suggests that the incidence of genetic disease is in...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating disease that affects millions of elderly persons. Despite years of intense investigations, genetic risk factors that affect the majority of AD cases have yet to be determined. Recent studies suggest that cholesterol metabolism has integral part in AD pathogenesis, suggesting t...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Missense MECP2 variants can have various phenotypic effects ranging from a normal phenotype to typical Rett syndrome (RTT). In females, the phenotype can also be influenced by the X-inactivation pattern. In this study, we present detailed clinical descriptions of six patients with a rare base-pair substitution affecti...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cge.12769
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The increasing frequency with which the diagnosis of the 47,XXY karyotype is made requires more knowledge of the prognosis of this condition. We present four 47,XXY boys identified at birth and followed since then (Group I), and four 47,XXY boys diagnosed because of physical and/or emotional problems (Group II). Physi...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1981.tb01819.x
更新日期:1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), the most common type of hereditary colorectal cancer, is thought to be a simple Mendelian disease involving DNA mismatch repair genes. The majority of mutations associated with HNPCC occur in the hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes. The reported incidence of mismatch repair gene m...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00123.x
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We utilized a sample of 299 adult females aged between 19 and 86 years, carrying fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) alleles with small CCG expansions ranging from 50 to 141 repeats to analyse the relationships between psychological symptoms as assessed by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and the size of th...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cge.12347
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex: a genotypic and phenotypic analysis. A retrospective review of the clinical records and radiological images of 205 patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) was performed to evaluate the prevalence and progression of hepatic lesions; examine the association of...
journal_title:Clinical genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01845.x
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00