Abstract：
:Multiple phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isoenzymes found in a single snake venom induce a variety of pharmacological effects. These multiple forms are formed by gene duplication and accelerated evolution of exons. We examined the amino acid sequences of 127 snake venom PLA2 enzymes and their homologues to study in which location most natural substitutions occur. Our data show that hot spots of amino acid substitutions in this group of proteins occur mostly on the surface. A logistic model correlating the substitution rates of each amino acid residue with their surface accessibility indicates that the probability of natural substitutions occurring in the fully exposed residue is 2.6-3.5 times greater than that of substitutions occurring in buried residues. These surface substitutions play a significant role in the evolution of new PLA2 isoenzymes by altering the specificity of targeting to various tissues or cells, resulting in distinct pharmacological effects. Thus natural substitutions in PLA2 enzymes, in contrast to popular belief, are not random substitutions but appear to be directed toward modifying the molecular surface.
journal_name
J Mol Evoljournal_title
Journal of molecular evolutionauthors
Kini RM,Chan YMdoi
10.1007/pl00006450subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-02-01 00:00:00pages
125-32issue
2eissn
0022-2844issn
1432-1432journal_volume
48pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:We have investigated the evolvability of an insoluble random polypeptide, RP3-34, to a soluble form through iterative mutation and selection with the aid of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) folding reporter. To assess the solubility of the polypeptides in the selected clones of each generation, the polypeptide gene...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-003-2542-2
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As the origin(s) of life on Earth remains an open question, detailed characteristics about the "last universal ancestor" (LUA) continue to be obscured. Here we provide arguments that strengthen the bacterial-like nature of the LUA. Our view attempts to recreate the evolution of archaeal lipids, the major components of...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-006-0141-8
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The gene content of a mitochondrial (mt) genome, i.e., 37 genes and a large noncoding region (LNR), is usually conserved in Metazoa. The arrangement of these genes and the LNR is generally conserved at low taxonomic levels but varies substantially at high levels. We report here a variation in mt gene content and gene ...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-005-0196-y
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The genome organization of the Hardness locus in the tribe Triticeae constitutes an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of evolution that played a role in the preservation and potential functional innovations of duplicate genes. Here we applied the nonsynonymous-synonymous rate ratio (d ( N )/d ( S ) or omega)...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-005-0292-z
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Artesian groundwaters of high radionuclide concentration are ubiquitous and may have provided the large, sustained energy sources that were required to drive the multistage process of DNA and primordial cell evolution. The rapid, early development of the genetic code as well as its degeneracy can be attributed to exce...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00161172
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many eubacteria contain an ATP-dependent protease complex, which is built by multiple copies of the HslV and HslU proteins and is therefore called HslVU. HslU proteins are AAA + ATPases, while HslV proteins are proteases that show highly significant similarity to beta subunits of proteasomes. Therefore, the HslVU comp...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-005-0282-1
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lepidoptera (comprised of butterflies and moths) is one of the largest groups of insects, including more than 160,000 described species. Chemoreception plays important roles in the adaptation of these species to a wide range of niches, e.g., plant hosts, egg-laying sites, and mates. This study investigated the molecul...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-014-9633-0
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present work represents the first attempt to study in greater detail previously proposed compositional correlations in genomes, based on a body of additional data relating to gene localizations as well as to extended flanking sequences extracted from gene banks. We have investigated the correlations that exist bet...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02102651
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/pl00000066
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002390010176
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00175503
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Compared with the X chromosome, the mammalian Y chromosome is considerably diminished in size and has lost most of its ancestral genes during evolution. Interestingly, for the X-degenerate region on the Y chromosome, human has retained all 16 genes, while chimpanzee has lost 4 of the 16 genes since the divergence of t...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-008-9189-y
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR RLKs) comprise the largest group within the plant receptor-like kinase (RLK) superfamily, and the Arabidopsis genome alone contains over 200 LRR RLK genes. Although there is clear evidence for diverse roles played by individual LRR RLK genes in Arabidopsis growth and deve...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-005-0187-z
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the previous three reports in this series we demonstrated that the EF-hand family of proteins evolved by a complex pattern of gene duplication, transposition, and splicing. The dendrograms based on exon sequences are nearly identical to those based on protein sequences for troponin C, the essential light chain myos...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02406723
更新日期：1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:All modern mammals contain a distinctive, highly repeated (> or = 50,000 members) family of long interspersed repeated DNA called the L1 (LINE 1) family. While the modern L1 families were derived from a common ancestor that predated the mammalian radiation approximately 80 million years ago, most of the members of the...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02407302
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-003-2543-1
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-010-9394-3
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:By a chromosome walking strategy the DNA region from Methanococcus vannielii flanking the genes for protein synthesis elongation factor (EF) 1 alpha and EF-2 was cloned and sequenced. A gene organization of 5' - beta' - open reading frame (ORF) 1 - ORF2 - S12 - S7 - EF-2 - EF-1 alpha - S10 - ORF3 - ORF4 - 3' was found...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02106178
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:EcoRI restriction of the B. nigra rDNA recombinants, isolated from a lambda genomic library, showed that the 3.9-kb fragment corresponded to the Intergenic Spacer (IGS), which was sequenced and found to be 3,928 bp in size. Sequence and dot-matrix analyses showed that the organization of the B. nigra rDNA IGS was typi...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02337518
更新日期：1996-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF01795749
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Life is based on biopolymers that have the ability to replicate themselves. Here we consider how a self-replicating RNA system may have originated. We consider a reaction system in which polymerization is possible by the addition of an activated monomer to the end of a chain. We suppose that a small fraction of polyme...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-009-9276-8
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-001-2307-8
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The question of whether natural selection favors genetic stability or genetic variability is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology. Bioinformatic analyses demonstrate that selection favors genetic stability by avoiding unstable nucleotide sequences in protein encoding DNA. Yet, such unstable sequences are main...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-010-9328-0
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At least two polymorphic Alu insertions have been previously identified and characterized within the class I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). We have identified another two new polymorphic Alu insertions, AluyHJ and AluyHF, located near HLA-J and HLA-F, respectively, within the a block of the MHC....
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-002-2367-4
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A cDNA encoding a new member of the gene family of major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) from the honeybee, Apis mellifera, was isolated and sequenced. Royal jelly (RJ) is a secretion of the cephalic glands of nurse bees. The origin and biological function of the protein component (12.5%, w/w) of RJ is unknown. We show t...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/pl00006551
更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Here we analyze the molecular evolution of the beta-esterase gene cluster in the Drosophila genus using the recently released genome sequences of 12 Drosophila species. Molecular evolution in this small cluster is noteworthy because it contains contrasting examples of the types and stages of loss of gene function. Spe...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-009-9236-3
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Circadian clock genes are remarkably conserved between eucoelomates. Although Drosophila has one copy of each major component, vertebrates have two or (in the case of the Period genes) three paralogs (Per1-3). We investigated the possibility that the vertebrate Per genes arose through two genome duplications during th...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-005-0185-1
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/pl00006257
更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian olfactory system utilizes three large receptor families: the olfactory receptors (ORs) of the main nose and the vomeronasal type-1 and type-2 receptor genes (V1Rs and V2Rs) of the vomeronasal organ. We find that these loci are among the most long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)-dense regions of mamma...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-008-9195-0
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Male sex genes have shown a pattern of rapid interspecies divergence at both the coding and gene expression level. A common outcome from crosses between closely-related species is hybrid male sterility. Phenotypic and genetic studies in Drosophila sterile hybrid males have shown that spermatogenesis arrest is postmeio...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-010-9404-5
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
