Evaluation and management of amenorrhea.

Abstract:

:All women who enter menopause experience amenorrhea unless they receive hormone replacement therapy. In younger women, amenorrhea unrelated to pregnancy and lactation can be a distressing symptom. In addition to its psychologic morbidity, amenorrhea may be the manifesting feature of a wide array of anatomic and endocrine abnormalities. Amenorrhea results in impaired fertility. When estrogen levels are low, changes in mineral, glucose, and fat metabolism accompany amenorrhea. These metabolic changes affect bone and cardiovascular health, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and coronary heart disease in later life. Amenorrhea with hyperandrogenism, most commonly caused by the polycystic ovarian syndrome, may cause endometrial hyperplasia and increases the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Because of the broad differential diagnosis of amenorrhea, establishing an accurate diagnosis can prove challenging. In this article, we outline one approach to the assessment of patients with amenorrhea and to the management of its common causes and consequences.

journal_name

Mayo Clin Proc

journal_title

Mayo Clinic proceedings

authors

McIver B,Romanski SA,Nippoldt TB

doi

10.4065/72.12.1161

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1997-12-01 00:00:00

pages

1161-9

issue

12

eissn

0025-6196

issn

1942-5546

pii

S0025-6196(11)63683-5

journal_volume

72

pub_type

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