ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: The Functional Unit in the Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Degreasing Processes in the Metal-Processing Industry

Abstract:

:/ In 1986 degreasing processes in the German metal-processing industry contributed about 70,000 t to the emission of chlorinated C1 and C2 hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, dichloromethane). Measures aiming at the reduction of toxic emissions and ozone depletion potential (ODP) may possibly lead to a shift of environmental impacts towards higher energy consumption, emission of waste water, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) with photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP). The present article concerns itself with a life cycle assessment of the three main degreasing processes in order to compare their integral environmental impacts with one another. This is supplemented by presenting the methodology of the life cycle inventory life cycle inventory analysis (LCI). Generally, the applicability of the established LCI method can be shown quite clearly. However, some difficulties arise, especially at the stage of the goal definition, as the use of the process and the functional unit cannot be pinned down as easily and neatly as for most other products. The definition of the use of the process and the functional unit is not as straightforward as for most products. Among the potential functional units identified are the mass of removed impurities, cleaning time, cleaning work, percentage of purity, throughput of parts, loads, mass or surface and virtual coefficients. The mass of removed impurities turned out to be the most suitable parameter for measuring the technical performance of degreasing processes. The article discusses background, purpose, scope, system boundaries, target group, process tree and representativeness of the present study.KEY WORDS: Functional unit; Life cycle assessment; Life cycle inventory analysis; Degreasing processes; Metal processing

journal_name

Environ Manage

journal_title

Environmental management

authors

Finkbeiner M,Hoffmann E,Kreisel G

doi

10.1007/s002679900056

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1997-07-01 00:00:00

pages

635-42

issue

4

eissn

0364-152X

issn

1432-1009

pii

1784

journal_volume

21

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Perspectives on local environmental security, exemplified by a rural South African village.

    abstract::This paper analyzes the human-nature interaction in a village in rural South Africa. It discusses preconditions, perceptions, and consequences of natural resource use, and places these findings into a regional and historical context. Applying an interdisciplinary perspective, the study uses interviews, questionnaires,...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-004-0052-7

    authors: Haag F,Hajdu F

    更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00

  • Farm crops depredation by European bison (Bison bonasus) in the vicinity of forest habitats in northeastern Poland.

    abstract::European bison, the largest mammal in Europe, after being exterminated in the wild and then restored during the 20th century is still listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) as a species vulnerable to extinction. However, the increasing number of European biso...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-012-9913-7

    authors: Hofman-Kamińska E,Kowalczyk R

    更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00

  • A structured approach to incidental take decision making.

    abstract::Decision making related to incidental take of endangered species under U.S. law lends itself well to a structured decision making approach. Incidental take is the permitted killing, harming, or harassing of a protected species under the law as long as that harm is incidental to an otherwise lawful activity and does no...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-012-9981-8

    authors: McGowan CP

    更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00

  • A Procedure for Performing Population-Level Ecological Risk Assessments.

    abstract::/ In 1997, Oregon enacted amendments to its state hazardous waste site cleanup law which emphasize risk-based remedial action decisions. In a departure from US EPA practice, the amended statute and associated rules require that protection of ecological receptors occur at the population level for all plants and animals...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002679910022

    authors: Hope BK

    更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00

  • A Hydrological Model for Predicting the Effects of Dams on the Shoreline Vegetation of Lakes and Reservoirs

    abstract::/ The species richness of shoreline vegetation of unregulated lakes in Nova Scotia, Canada, is known to increase as a function of catchment area, a topographic variable governing water level fluctuations. Predictions based on catchment area however, fail to account for richness patterns at the margins of lakes enlarge...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002679900142

    authors: Hill NM,Keddy PA,Wisheu IC

    更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of disturbance associated with seismic exploration for oil and gas reserves in coastal marshes.

    abstract::Anthropogenic disturbances in wetland ecosystems can alter the composition and structure of plant assemblages and affect system functions. Extensive oil and gas extraction has occurred in wetland habitats along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast since the early 1900s. Activities involved with three-dimensional (3D) sei...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-014-0274-2

    authors: Howard RJ,Wells CJ,Michot TC,Johnson DJ

    更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00

  • Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Classification of Pollution Risk Management and Control Zones in the Industrial Developed City.

    abstract::Soil heavy metal pollution threatens ecological health and food security. It is significant to classify pollution risk management and control zones, which can effectively cope with soil pollution and scientifically carry out soil remediation projects. In this study, based on 665 soil samples collecting from Ningbo (so...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-020-01370-w

    authors: Xiang M,Li Y,Yang J,Li Y,Li F,Hu B,Cao Y

    更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00

  • Net carbon sequestration potential and emissions in home lawn turfgrasses of the United States.

    abstract::Soil analyses were conducted on home lawns across diverse ecoregions of the U.S. to determine the soil organic carbon (SOC) sink capacity of turfgrass soils. Establishment of lawns sequestered SOC over time. Due to variations in ecoregions, sequestration rates varied among sites from 0.9 Mg carbon (C) ha(-1) year(-1) ...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-012-9967-6

    authors: Selhorst A,Lal R

    更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00

  • Mapping threats to power line corridors for Connecticut rights-of-way management.

    abstract::Trees are a major threat to power line security across forested regions of the world. We developed a decision support system for identifying locations in Connecticut, USA where trees have grown tall enough to make contact with transmission lines during storms. We used the Random Forest algorithm, danger tree presence/...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-010-9580-5

    authors: Poulos HM,Camp AE

    更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00

  • Modeling flow and sediment transport in a river system using an artificial neural network.

    abstract::A river system is a network of intertwining channels and tributaries, where interacting flow and sediment transport processes are complex and floods may frequently occur. In water resources management of a complex system of rivers, it is important that instream discharges and sediments being carried by streamflow are ...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-002-2862-9

    authors: Yitian L,Gu RR

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Analyzing Collaborative Governance Through Social Network Analysis: A Case Study of River Management Along the Waal River in The Netherlands.

    abstract::Until recently, governmental organizations played a dominant and decisive role in natural resource management. However, an increasing number of studies indicate that this dominant role is developing towards a more facilitating role as equal partner to improve efficiency and create a leaner state. This approach is char...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-015-0606-x

    authors: Fliervoet JM,Geerling GW,Mostert E,Smits AJ

    更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00

  • The Willingness of Non-Industrial Private Forest Owners to Enter California's Carbon Offset Market.

    abstract::While non-industrial private forest landowners have a significant amount of forest landholdings in the US, they are underrepresented in the California cap-and-trade market forest offset program. Additional participation could benefit both the market and non-industrial private forest landowners. We developed a mail que...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-017-0918-0

    authors: Kelly EC,Gold GJ,Di Tommaso J

    更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00

  • Environmental indicators of biofuel sustainability: what about context?

    abstract::Indicators of the environmental sustainability of biofuel production, distribution, and use should be selected, measured, and interpreted with respect to the context in which they are used. The context of a sustainability assessment includes the purpose, the particular biofuel production and distribution system, polic...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-012-9907-5

    authors: Efroymson RA,Dale VH,Kline KL,McBride AC,Bielicki JM,Smith RL,Parish ES,Schweizer PE,Shaw DM

    更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00

  • The Impact of Federal and State Conservation Programs on Farmer Nitrogen Management.

    abstract::The U.S. federal government, as well as many state and local governments, operate a number of conservation programs aimed at ameliorating the environmental problems associated with agriculture. While motives and barriers to conservation program participation and adoption of conservation practices have been extensively...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-018-1083-9

    authors: Reimer AP,Denny RCH,Stuart D

    更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00

  • Integrating economic development and the environment: artisan fishing production in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro.

    abstract::The adoption of environmentally sustainable techniques by cooperatives and small companies results in specific difficulties rarely discussed in the literature. This paper describes an "action-research" carried out by seafood cultivators and university researchers in Guanabara Bay, which resulted in the substitution of...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-003-2530-8

    authors: Bessa Eda S,d'Avignon A,Valle R,Teixeira MG

    更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00

  • Modeling energy savings from urban shade trees: an assessment of the CITYgreen energy conservation module.

    abstract::CITYgreen software has become a commonly used tool to quantify the benefits of urban shade trees. Despite its frequent use, little research has been conducted to validate results of the CITYgreen energy conservation module. The first objective of this study is to perform a familiar application of CITYgreen software to...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-002-7003-y

    authors: Carver AD,Unger DR,Parks CL

    更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00

  • Unraveling Landscape Complexity: Land Use/Land Cover Changes and Landscape Pattern Dynamics (1954-2008) in Contrasting Peri-Urban and Agro-Forest Regions of Northern Italy.

    abstract::This study implements an exploratory data analysis of landscape metrics and a change detection analysis of land use and population density to assess landscape dynamics (1954-2008) in two physiographic zones (plain and hilly-mountain area) of Emilia Romagna, northern Italy. The two areas are characterized by different ...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-015-0533-x

    authors: Smiraglia D,Ceccarelli T,Bajocco S,Perini L,Salvati L

    更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00

  • Managing for Biodiversity from the Electric Utilities' Perspective

    abstract::/ The quality and sustainability of the natural environment is a matter of inestimable value and is critical to public health and welfare. All species have a purpose, and they exist for the betterment of other species. It is, therefore, incumbent on all humans to do their part in the preservation of this vast, diverse...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF01205978

    authors: HEYDLAUFF DE

    更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00

  • Risk and Uncertainty of Losing Suitable Habitat Areas Under Climate Change Scenarios: A Case Study for 109 Gymnosperm Species in China.

    abstract::Taking 109 gymnosperm species in China as a case, the uncertainty and risk of losing habitat areas of gymnosperm species under future climate conditions were investigated via representative concentration pathways climate change scenarios, fuzzy set classifications and Monte Carlo techniques. Under nonrandom climate ch...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-020-01262-z

    authors: Wu J

    更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00

  • Rehabilitating agricultural streams in Australia with wood: a review.

    abstract::Worldwide, the ecological condition of streams and rivers has been impaired by agricultural practices such as broadscale modification of catchments, high nutrient and sediment inputs, loss of riparian vegetation, and altered hydrology. Typical responses include channel incision, excessive sedimentation, declining wate...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9151-1

    authors: Lester RE,Boulton AJ

    更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00

  • An analytical review of environmental justice research: what do we really know?

    abstract::This article presents a review of major empirical research on environmental justice. Forty-two empirical research studies spanning three decades were evaluated and categorized on the basis of how well they meet reasonable scientific standards. Twelve of those studies are described and critiqued in detail, and an overv...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1007/s00267-001-0037-8

    authors: Bowen W

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Object-based classification as an alternative approach to the traditional pixel-based classification to identify potential habitat of the grasshopper sparrow.

    abstract::The traditional method of identifying wildlife habitat distribution over large regions consists of pixel-based classification of satellite images into a suite of habitat classes used to select suitable habitat patches. Object-based classification is a new method that can achieve the same objective based on the segment...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-007-9031-0

    authors: Jobin B,Labrecque S,Grenier M,Falardeau G

    更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00

  • ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: An Approach for Characterizing Tropospheric Ozone Risk to Forests

    abstract::/ The risk tropospheric ozone poses to forests in the United States is dependent on the variation in ozone exposure across the distribution of the forests in question and the various environmental and climate factors predominant in the region. All these factors have a spatial nature, and consequently an approach to ch...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002679900010

    authors: HOGSETT WE,WEBER JE,TINGEY D,HERSTROM A,LEE EH,LAURENCE JA

    更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00

  • Purpose-driven public sector reform: the need for within-government capacity build for the management of slope stability in communities in the Caribbean.

    abstract::This article stresses the importance of within-government capacity build as the optimal approach to minimizing landslide risk to the most vulnerable communities in the developing world. Landslide risk is an integrated issue that demands strong managerial leadership and multidisciplinary inclusion to develop structures...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-004-0351-z

    authors: Anderson M,Holcombe L

    更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00

  • Statistical and spatial analysis of land cover impact on selected Metro Vancouver, British Columbia watersheds.

    abstract::The Greater Vancouver area has undergone significant land use and land cover (LULC) change over the past several decades, often adversely affecting stream health and water quality, particularly in those areas that have undergone the most urbanization. In this study 30 years of historical LULC and water quality data we...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-012-9955-x

    authors: Shupe S

    更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00

  • Potential mortality effects of off-highway vehicles on the flat-tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii): a manipulative experiment.

    abstract::Southern California desert public lands receive especially high levels of off-highway recreation due to large population centers nearby and popular riding environments such as sand dunes. Controversy has developed over the flat-tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii), previously a candidate for listing under the End...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9217-0

    authors: Grant TJ,Doherty PF Jr

    更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00

  • Who's in charge: role clarity in a Midwestern watershed group.

    abstract::Studies of collaborative watershed groups show that effective leadership is an important factor for success. This research uses data from in-depth interviews and meeting observation to qualitatively examine leadership in a Midwestern collaborative watershed group operating with government funding. One major finding wa...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1007/s00267-011-9724-2

    authors: Floress K,Prokopy LS,Ayres J

    更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00

  • Analysis of Limiting Factors Across the Life Cycle of Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus).

    abstract::We developed a mechanistic life-cycle model derived from the elicitation of multiple factors influencing the success of individual life-stages of the imperiled delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). We discuss the relevance of limiting factors in population ecology and problems with additive models in detecting them....

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-018-1014-9

    authors: Hamilton SA,Murphy DD

    更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00

  • Environmental Change in the Mid-Boteti Area of North-Central Botswana: Biophysical Processes.and Human Perceptions

    abstract::Increased interest in environmental change issues has led researchers to consider more integrated approaches to change dynamics. This paper examines change in terms of land degradation in north-central Botswana from both biophysical and human perspectives. Although seasonal and periodic droughts were prevalent, analys...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF01203847

    authors: Ringrose S,Chanda R,Nkambwe M,Sefe F

    更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00

  • Managing tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) in parks and protected areas: a case study of Rondeau Provincial Park (Ontario, Canada).

    abstract::The Carolinian Life Zone in southwestern Ontario, Canada is valued because it represents an almost disjunct ecosystem (i.e., one that is typical of the mid-Atlantic United States, rather than the rest of Canada or the nearby states in the United States). The landscape of the Carolinian Life Zone has undergone dramatic...

    journal_title:Environmental management

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00267-003-0151-x

    authors: Meloche C,Murphy SD

    更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00