Abstract:
STUDY OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to estimate the health and social costs of tobacco use in Ontario, Canada. DESIGN:This was a cost-benefit analysis based on cross sectional data in 1988, stratified by age and sex, using an attributable risk model. The total cost of the consequences of tobacco use in the society included those costs attributed to extra deaths, disability, hospitalisation, physician visits, and fire losses, from tobacco use. PARTICIPANTS:The general population of Ontario, Canada. MAIN RESULTS:The total cost of tobacco use in Ontario, Canada in 1988 was estimated to be $3.623 billion--$721 million more than the total customer expenditure on tobacco products. Tobacco use was also found to be responsible for 14% of all adult deaths, 5% of all adult disability days, 14% of all days of hospitalisation, and 3% of all physician visits. Compared with previous results for Ontario (1979) the cost of the consequences of tobacco use had increased by about 25% and consumer expenditure by about 35% over the period, while the excess of consequences over expenditure fell slightly by about 3%. CONCLUSIONS:The annual excess of the social costs of tobacco use over total consumer expenditure is staggering. It is suggested that similar cost-benefit analysis of smoking be carried out at regular intervals to monitor smoking trends in the society, to estimate health and social costs, and to provide information for the setting of targets for tobacco control and healthy public policies.
journal_name
J Epidemiol Community Healthjournal_title
Journal of epidemiology and community healthauthors
Choi BC,Pak AWdoi
10.1136/jech.50.1.81subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-02-01 00:00:00pages
81-5issue
1eissn
0143-005Xissn
1470-2738journal_volume
50pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:In observational studies, mainly from Western Caucasian populations, moderate alcohol use has been shown to be associated with a lower risk of diabetes. However, whether the protection is due to the attributes of alcohol or to those of moderate alcohol users is difficult to disentangle. A population with a d...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/jech.2008.077602
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We examined whether higher effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and lower job control are associated with exit from the labour market. METHODS:There were 1263 participants aged 50-74 years from the English Longitudinal Study on Ageing with data on working status and work-related psychosocial factors at baseline (w...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2014-205148
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Age-specific death from cardiovascular disease among Australian Aboriginals is estimated to be four to seven times that of general population, and the major cause of premature death. There is little reliable information on the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). This study compares CHD event rates in ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2009.098343
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Identifying children at risk of poor developmental outcomes remains a challenge, but is important for better targeting children who may benefit from additional support. We explored whether data routinely collected in early life predict which children will have language disability, overweight/obesity or behav...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2018-211028
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the public's knowledge and perception of SARS and the extent to which various precautionary measures have been adopted. DESIGN:Cross sectional survey. SETTING:General population of Hong Kong at the height of the SARS outbreak (29 March to 6 April 2003). PARTICIPANTS:1115 ethnic Chinese adults. ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.57.11.857
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of changes in psychosocial work environment on subsequent sickness absence. DESIGN:Analysis of questionnaire and sickness absence data collected in three time periods: 1990-1991, before the recession; 1993, worst slump during the recession; and 1993-1997, a period after change...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.54.7.484
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A cohort of 6168 schizophrenic patients was followed from 1957 to 1984 to determine the incidence of cancer in these patients. In the male schizophrenic patients the incidence of cancer was found to be significantly reduced in comparison with the general Danish population. This reduction was especially marked for canc...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.43.1.43
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare a self administered computerised assessment of neurotic psychiatric disorder (psychiatric morbidity) with an identical assessment administered by a human interviewer. In particular, to discover whether a computerised assessment overestimates or underestimates the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/jech.48.2.207
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A random sample of 617 primiparas was identified from birth notifications over a 12 month period and 534 of these were interviewed four weeks after confinement. Those breast feeding at the time of interview were contacted again at four months and those still breast feeding then were contacted at six and a half months....
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.37.2.89
更新日期:1983-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The authors assessed whether socioeconomic inequalities in asthma symptoms were already present in preschool children and to what extent prenatal, perinatal and postnatal risk factors for asthma symptoms mediate the effect of socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS:The study included 3136 Dutch children partici...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200333
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cancer screening in the USA is suboptimal, particularly for individuals living in vulnerable communities. This study aimed to understand how rurality and racial segregation are independently and interactively associated with cancer screening and cancer fatalism. METHODS:We used data from a nationally repres...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2019-212425
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:All residents of England aged 60 years and older became entitled to free travel on local buses on 1 April 2006. This study examines the impact of this policy on public transport use, a mode of active transport and levels of obesity. METHODS:Logistic regression analyses using three waves of data (2004, 2006 ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2011.133165
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:A statistical test that allows for adjustment of confounding can be helpful for the study of seasonal patterns. The aim of this article is to supply a detailed description of such a method. An example of its application is given. DESIGN:A statistical test is presented that retains the information on th...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.53.4.235
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We investigated the influence of sleeplessness and number of insomnia symptoms on the probability of recovery from chronic low back pain (LBP), and the possible interplay between sleeplessness and co-occurring musculoskeletal pain on this association. METHODS:The study comprised data on 3712 women and 2488 ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2019-212734
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Few studies have examined the causal relationship between transport mode and body mass index (BMI). METHODS:We examined between-person differences and within-person changes in BMI by transport mode over four time points between 2007 and 2013. Data were from the How Areas in Brisbane Influence HealTh and AcT...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209957
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To assess the effect on fruit and vegetable consumption, self reported, and psychological health of a "natural experiment"-the introduction of large scale food retailing in a deprived Scottish community. DESIGN:Prospective quasi-experimental design comparing baseline and follow up data in an "intervention" ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2004.029843
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The aim of this paper is to systematically review and analyse the validity and reliability of Antonovsky's life orientation questionnaire/sense of coherence scale (SOC). DESIGN:The study is descriptive and analytical with a systematic integration of the contemporary knowledge base on the salutogenic re...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jech.2003.018085
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the value of psychosocial risk factors in discriminating between individuals at higher and lower risk of coronary heart disease, using risk prediction equations. DESIGN:Prospective observational study. SETTING:Scotland. PARTICIPANTS:5191 employed men aged 35 to 64 years and free of coronary heart...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2006.055921
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many cancers and other chronic diseases are associated with a long delay between exposure to a putative risk factor and subsequent diagnosis. This presents well recognised problems in the elucidation of suspected risk factors by epidemiological methods. In this paper we discuss the interpretation in epidemiological st...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.40.4.289
更新日期:1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The temporal pattern of effects of summertime ozone (O(3)) in total, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality were investigated in 21 European cities participating in the APHEA-2 (Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach) project, which is fundamental in determining the importance of the effect in terms...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/jech.2008.084012
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:This study investigated the association of residential density with overweight among adolescents in an urban area of China. METHODS:Using multistage proportional sampling methods, a population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Nanjing between September and November 2004 (n=2375; mean age=13.9 ± 1....
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2009.094169
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Ambient air pollution may affect the health related quality of life (HRQOL) of people, as assessed by the vitality (VT) and mental health (MH) domains of the SF-36 health survey (SF-36). METHODS:In a nationwide survey, 4500 people aged 20 years and older were selected from the entire population of Japan by ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2005.039560
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The acceptability of domestic violence against women (DVAW) plays an important part in shaping the social environment in which the victims are embedded, which in turn may contribute either to perpetuate or to reduce the levels of DVAW in our societies. This study analyses correlates of the acceptability...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2005.036533
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Longitudinal Study provides reliable mortality data by a much wider range of characteristics than are available for other national sources. Although it is based on only a 1% sample of the population, it broadens the scope of mortality analysis and permits study of changes ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.36.2.69
更新日期:1982-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To analyse in the general population the prevalence and predictors of symptomatology consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder (S-PTSD) 18 months after an industrial explosion. DESIGN:Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES:A random sample of 1191 city inhabitants, including an oversa...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2006.057273
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Several studies have examined the effects of sample selection on the exposure-outcome association estimates in cohort studies, but the reasons why this selection may induce bias have not been fully explored. AIMS:To investigate how sample selection of the web-based NINFEA birth cohort may change the confoun...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200065
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:Examine trends in home smoking restrictions among employed women not living alone and assess the associations of such restrictions with smoking behaviour. DESIGN:Multivariate logistic regression analysis of major demographic variables and household composition characteristics. STUDY PARTICIPANTS:128 0...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2006.045724
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Reliable data on clinical biomarkers are necessary in order to assess the health risks of populations and especially in assessing long-term trends related to disease incidence. METHODS:Ten European laboratories participated in a two-phase quality control exercise of total cholesterol (TC) and high-density l...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2018-210763
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS:There is widespread consensus on the need for better indicators of the effectiveness of healthcare. We carried out an analysis of the validity of amenable mortality as an indicator of the effectiveness of healthcare, focusing on the potential use in routine surveillance systems of between-coun...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201471
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is evidence that birth weight is positively associated with education, but it remains unclear whether this association is explained by familial environmental factors, genetic factors or the intrauterine environment. We analysed the association between birth weight and educational years within twin pair...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2017-210403
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00