Abstract:
:Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase is an enzyme that activates the growth factor-regulated MAP kinase in vitro by a mechanism that involves direct phosphorylation of MAP kinase on tyrosine and threonine residues. MAP kinase kinase is stimulated by growth factor treatment of cells and has been shown to be inactivated with protein phosphatases, suggesting that it is regulated by protein phosphorylation. Analysis of two epidermal growth factor-stimulated forms of MAP kinase kinase, purified from 32P-labeled A431 cells, shows that the kinase is phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues and that treatment with protein phosphatases leads to serine dephosphorylation. Under conditions that lead to complete inactivation, only partial dephosphorylation of MAP kinase kinase is observed. Consistent with this finding, inactive forms of MAP kinase kinase, which separate from active forms during the course of purification, are also observed to be phosphorylated in intact cells.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Ahn NG,Campbell JS,Seger R,Jensen AL,Graves LM,Krebs EGdoi
10.1073/pnas.90.11.5143subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-06-01 00:00:00pages
5143-7issue
11eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
90pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Reelin is a key mediator of ordered neuronal alignment in the brain. Here, we demonstrate that Reelin molecules assemble with each other to form a huge protein complex both in vitro and in vivo. The Reelin-Reelin interaction clearly is inhibited by the function-blocking anti-Reelin antibody, CR-50, at a concentration ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.160272497
更新日期:2000-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Ectopic activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is highly oncogenic for many human tissues. Here, we show that ectopic Wnt signaling increases the effective stem cell activity in mouse mammary glands in vivo. Furthermore, Wnt effectors induce the accumulation of mouse mammary epithelial progenitors (assayed by Hoechst...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0400699101
更新日期:2004-03-23 00:00:00
abstract::Global loss of DNA methylation has been known for decades as an epigenomic aberration associated with carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Loss of DNA methylation affects predominantly repetitive elements, which encompass >50% of the CpG dinucleotides present in the human genome. Because of the lack of an effective ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0913836107
更新日期:2010-04-13 00:00:00
abstract::DNA in the macronuclei of Oxytricha fallax, as in other hypotrichous ciliate protozoa, exists as small, achromosomal molecules rather than in chromosomes. We report studies on O. fallax DNA using physicochemical procedures and nucleic acid hybridization. Macronuclear DNA molecules range in size from 22 kilobase pairs ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.10.4992
更新日期:1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have isolated three classes of monoclonal antibodies against Drosophila cell-surface antigens that are expressed with positional specificity in imaginal discs. Comparison of immunofluorescence patterns with the wing-disc fate map reveals that expression of the antigens is not directly related to the specific type o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.23.7485
更新日期:1984-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report the identification and cloning of a 28-kDa polypeptide (p28) in Tetrahymena macronuclei that shares several features with the well studied heterochromatin-associated protein HP1 from Drosophila. Notably, like HP1, p28 contains both a chromodomain and a chromoshadow domain. p28 also shares features with linke...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13624
更新日期:1998-11-10 00:00:00
abstract::West Nile virus, which is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes while feeding on birds and humans, has emerged as the dominant vector borne disease in North America. We have identified natural compounds from humans and birds, which are detected with extreme sensitivity by olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) on the antennae of...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0906932106
更新日期:2009-11-03 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have defined transcriptional control elements, in addition to the promoters, that both lie near individual human beta-globin locus genes and have been implicated in their differential stage-specific regulation during development (i.e., are believed to directly participate in hemoglobin switching). We ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.1.169
更新日期:1997-01-07 00:00:00
abstract::We have screened a human DNA library using as probe a chimpanzee sequence that contains homology to the polymerase gene of the endogenous baboon virus. One set of overlapping clones spans about 20 kilobases and contains regions of DNA sequence homology to the gag p30, gag p15, and polymerase genes of Moloney murine le...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.15.4709
更新日期:1982-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was conjugated with p-[1,2-dicarba-closo-[1-3H]do-decaboran(12)-2-yl] benzenediazonium ion by an azo-coupling reaction, resulting in 30 boron atoms per IgG molecule with no loss of antibody protein. Antibody immunoreactivity was not appreciably affected by this conjugati...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.2.560
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two virus-specific RNA species of 7.5 and 7.0 kilobases have been identified in avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) by denaturing gel electrophoresis and blot hybridization analysis, and they were found to be in a 10:1 ratio. The individual RNAs direccted the cell-free synthesis of the 76,000-dalton "gag" protein and the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.4.2057
更新日期:1981-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Health care is a crucial factor in US economic growth, because growing health care costs have made US corporations less competitive than their counterparts in countries where central governments assume most of those costs. In this paper we illustrate a second, possibly more powerful, effect of health care expenditures...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0911626106
更新日期:2009-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Expansion of polyglutamine repeats in several unrelated proteins causes neurodegenerative diseases with distinct but related pathologies. To provide a model system for investigating common pathogenic features, we have examined the behavior of polyglutamine expansions expressed in Caenorhabditis elegans. The expression...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.100107297
更新日期:2000-05-23 00:00:00
abstract::A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) shape second-messenger signaling responses by constraining protein kinase A (PKA) at precise intracellular locations. A defining feature of AKAPs is a helical region that binds to regulatory subunits (RII) of PKA. Mining patient-derived databases has identified 42 nonsynonymous SNPs...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1816614115
更新日期:2018-12-04 00:00:00
abstract::Protein O-mannosylation represents an evolutionarily conserved, essential posttranslational modification with immense impact on a variety of cellular processes. In humans, O-mannosylation defects result in Walker-Warburg syndrome, a severe recessive congenital muscular dystrophy associated with defects in neuronal mig...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0700374104
更新日期:2007-05-08 00:00:00
abstract::Unfolded RNase A is known to contain an equilibrium mixture of two forms, a slow-folding form (U(1)) and a fast-folding form (U(2)). If U(1) is produced after unfolding by the slow cis-trans isomerization of proline residues about X-Pro imide bonds, then the formation of U(1) should be catalyzed by strong acids. There...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.10.4764
更新日期:1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::An explicitly polarizable force field based exclusively on quantum data is applied to calculations of relative binding affinities of ligands to proteins. Five ligands, differing by replacement of an atom or functional group, in complexes with three serine proteases-trypsin, thrombin, and urokinase-type plasminogen act...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0803847105
更新日期:2008-07-29 00:00:00
abstract::Binding enhancement by tertiary interactions is a strategy that takes advantage of the higher order folding of functionally important RNAs to bind short nucleic acid-based compounds tightly and more specifically than possible by simple base pairing. For example, tertiary interactions enhance binding of specific hexame...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2734
更新日期:1999-03-16 00:00:00
abstract::By use of the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex immunocytochemical technique, antibody to purified human renal renin was applied to formalin-fixed paraffin sections of human cadaver brain. Immune reaction products were observed in most nerve cells in all areas of the brain examined; staining was limited to th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.9.5458
更新日期:1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Incubation of a human beta-globin pre-mRNA in a HeLa cell nuclear extract under conditions permissive for efficient splicing resulted in the assembly of the RNA into ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. This RNP formation occurred largely within the characteristic lag period that precedes splicing. Two classes of RNP we...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.11.3718
更新日期:1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of the cerebellar cortex in motor learning was investigated by comparing the paramedian lobule of adult rats given difficult acrobatic training to that of rats that had been given extensive physical exercise or had been inactive. The paramedian lobule is activated during limb movements used in both acrobatic ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.14.5568
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We prove that the property of excision in algebraic K-theory is for a Q-algebra A equivalent to the H-unitality of the latter. Our excision theorem, in particular, implies Karoubi's conjecture on the equality of algebraic and topological K-theory groups of stable C*-algebras. It also allows us to identify the algebrai...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9582
更新日期:1990-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Bacteriophage lambda encodes a number of genes involved in the recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. The product of one of these genes, rap, has been purified. Truncated Rap proteins that copurify with the full-length form are derived, at least in part, from a rho-dependent transcription terminator locat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13507
更新日期:1998-11-10 00:00:00
abstract::c-Mpl, a member of the hematopoietic cytokine receptor family, is the receptor for thrombopoietin. To investigate signal transduction by c-Mpl, a chimeric receptor, composed of the extracellular domain of human growth hormone receptor and the intracellular domain of c-Mpl, was introduced into the interleukin 3-depende...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.12.5292
更新日期:1995-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::Here, using further optimized 3D culture that allows highly selective induction and long-term growth of human ES cell (hESC)-derived cortical neuroepithelium, we demonstrate unique aspects of self-organization in human neocorticogenesis. Self-organized cortical tissue spontaneously forms a polarity along the dorsocaud...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1315710110
更新日期:2013-12-10 00:00:00
abstract::The role of protein farnesylation in lamin A biogenesis and the pathogenesis of progeria has been studied in considerable detail, but the importance of farnesylation for the B-type lamins, lamin B1 and lamin B2, has received little attention. Lamins B1 and B2 are expressed in nearly every cell type from the earliest s...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1303916110
更新日期:2013-05-21 00:00:00
abstract::The development of anther and pollen is important for male reproduction, and this process is coordinately regulated by many external and internal cues. In this study, we systematically examined the male reproductive phenotypes of a series of brassinosteroid biosynthetic and signaling mutants and found that, besides th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0912333107
更新日期:2010-03-30 00:00:00
abstract::Some dinosaurs reached masses that were approximately 8 times those of the largest, ecologically equivalent terrestrial mammals. The factors most responsible for setting the maximal body size of vertebrates are resource quality and quantity, as modified by the mobility of the consumer, and the vertebrate's rate of ene...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0904000106
更新日期:2009-07-21 00:00:00
abstract::Artificial two-dimensional biological habitats were prepared from porous polymer layers and inoculated with the fungus Penicillium roqueforti to provide a living material. Such composites of classical industrial ingredients and living microorganisms can provide a novel form of functional or smart materials with capabi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1115381109
更新日期:2012-01-03 00:00:00
abstract::Bifidobacteria comprise a significant proportion of the human gut microbiota. Several bifidobacterial strains are currently used as therapeutic interventions, claiming various health benefits by acting as probiotics. However, the precise mechanisms by which they maintain habitation within their host and consequently p...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1115621109
更新日期:2012-02-07 00:00:00