Abstract:
:The description of multiple classes of opioid receptors has had a major impact on our understanding of the mechanisms of analgesia. Three major classes of opioid receptors have been defined: mu, kappa, and delta. The mu receptors have been further subclassified into two distinct subtypes (mu 1 and mu 2), as have the delta receptors (delta 1 and delta 2). Kappa receptors have been subdivided into kappa 1, kappa 2, or kappa 3 subtypes. All of these subtypes modulate pain perception, with the exception of the kappa 2 receptor, which has not been adequately examined. Supraspinal systems have been described for mu 1, kappa 3, and delta 2 receptors while mu 2, kappa 1, and delta 1 receptors modulate pain at the spinal level. In addition to their ability to act independently, the various systems also interact synergistically with each other. Thus, the relief of pain involves the complex interaction of at least six receptor systems. This review discusses the implications of opiate receptor multiplicity on the control of pain.
journal_name
Clin Neuropharmacoljournal_title
Clinical neuropharmacologyauthors
Pasternak GWdoi
10.1097/00002826-199302000-00001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-02-01 00:00:00pages
1-18issue
1eissn
0362-5664issn
1537-162Xjournal_volume
16pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:OBJECTIVES:The units of different botulinum toxin products are not identical, and the dose equivalence has been debated for several years. In the year 2000, our clinic changed the recommended botulinum toxin product from Botox to Dysport for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Based on published reports, where dose con...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3182711fc0
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluctuations in motor performance are the major problems in chronic management of Parkinson's disease. Most of these fluctuations reflect the decline of levodopa availability. As a consequence, levodopa dosage might be increased and the interdose interval progressively shortened. The postsynaptic dopamine receptors at...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of the psychotropic drug etoperidone on the response to laboratory stressors was investigated in a controlled study. Cardiovascular and hormonal (catecholamines, corticotropin, and cortisol) measurements were made in a group of young, healthy volunteers during a cold pressor test (CPT), a mental arithmetic...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00002826-199304000-00005
更新日期:1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The long-term effects of mesulergine, a new drug with dopamine agonistic properties, were studied in 28 patients with Parkinson's disease. In 18 patients with late side effects of levodopa, the addition of mesulergine (10.9 mg/day) induced significant decreases in the global (-48%), rigidity (-62%), and akinesia (-37%...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00002826-198604000-00005
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Duloxetine is a serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic pain. The safety of duloxetine has been shown by many previous studies. We report a patient who experienced visual hallucinations after taking duloxetine. The patient experienced...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3182a124cb
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Data on a twice-daily dosage schedule with moclobemide in the treatment of depression is limited. In this study, moclobemide 150 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) was compared to two different three-times-daily (t.i.d.) regimens with total daily dosages of 300 and 450 mg, respectively, over a 6-week period. The study was random...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1097/00002826-199417001-00002
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. METHODS:A total of 45 patients were enrolled in an open-label 12-week study. Dosing was determined by clinical judgment. The main efficacy measure was the Brief Psychia...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e31817c6b06
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The cerebellum has traditionally been regarded as an organ of motor coordination. However, the importance of the cerebellum in psychiatric disorders, behavior, and cognition is increasingly being recognized. There is no consensus concerning treatment of schizophrenia-like psychosis after cerebellar pathology...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e31821f4d91
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adjunctive use of methylphenidate, a central stimulant, has been considered as a potential therapeutic choice for patients with refractory unipolar depression, geriatric depression, bipolar depression, and depression secondary to a medical illness. We present a case of psychotic unipolar depression in which the patien...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e318157d998
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fifty-six chronic schizophrenic patients were randomized into haloperidol decanoate (HD) or placebo groups for 48 weeks of double-blind treatment. The double-blind trial was preceded by a 15-week single-blind run-in period, during which all patients were treated with 60 mg of HD (approximately corresponding to 3.6 mg ...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors compared the two portions of the OFF period in patients with Parkinson disease and response fluctuations: time to ON (the latency from levodopa intake to turning ON) and wearing off (time from termination of the beneficial dose effect until the time when the next dose was taken). Time to ON was more than t...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00002826-200307000-00009
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the United States, trazodone has shown efficacy comparable with tricyclic antidepressants. Trazodone's side-effect profile, however, is vastly superior to the older drugs. In cases of overdose, trazodone alone has not caused a single death. For depressed patients, starting with 150 mg/day of trazodone, preferably a...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00002826-198901001-00003
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The latency of P300 "cognitive" event-related potentials changes if cholinergic activities of the central nervous system are pharmacologically manipulated. We tested the hypothesis that the new cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil (DPZ) and rivastigmine (Riv) may have an effect on the frequently abnormal P300 component...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1097/00002826-200101000-00007
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Various reactions to benzodiazepine withdrawal have been widely described. Among these, seizures have occasionally occurred on abrupt withdrawal. Our own experience of 48 cases of seizures suspected to have been caused by benzodiazepine withdrawal and reported to the Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Monitoring Center (1979...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied the effectiveness of OR-611 and OR-462, two novel inhibitors of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), on 3-O-methyldopa (OMD) formation in cynomolgus monkeys following intravenous levodopa administration. OR-611 dose-dependently reduced the area under the OMD concentration-vs-time curve, reduced m...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00002826-199108000-00005
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article outlines the reasons that detection of subtle changes in the cognitive system is difficult in geriatric assessment. A new assessment approach is introduced that examines cognitive patterns and facilitates the evaluation of subtle changes. ...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00002826-199316001-00005
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sarcosinemia is a relatively rare autosomal recessive disorder that has a varied phenotypic presentation; rarely, it is associated with neurodevelopmental and neurological abnormalities. Sarcosine is a key intermediate in 1-carbon metabolism, and its elevation in blood and urine could reflect a deficient pool size of ...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/01.WNF.0000236767.46526.1F
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidant stress resulting from excess dopamine (DA) may contribute to the development and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Free radicals resulting from the enzymatic metabolism of DA are most often discussed in this regard. However, levodopa (L-DOPA) and DA can also undergo autooxidation, producing free radical...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00002826-199619040-00010
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) that persists for 1 year or more following withdrawal of neuroleptics is usually said to be permanent. Early spontaneous remissions have been well described but most such remissions occurred within the first few months following neuroleptic withdrawal, and no published studi...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00002826-198406000-00006
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primary objective of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of oral pergolide in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson disease using a new high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. A secondary objective was to investigate the relationship between plasma concentrations and e...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.wnf.0000168581.97083.9c
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative neurological condition that results in impairments in multiple domains including cognition, fatigue, and mood. Dalfampridine-extended release (D-ER) has been approved to improve walking in persons with MS. It is plausible that D-ER could improve cognition, fatigue, an...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/WNF.0000000000000130
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating and common neurologic disorder that has profound influences on modern society from physical, psychosocial, and socioeconomic perspectives. Accordingly, the present decade has been labeled the Decade of the Spine to emphasize the importance of SCI and other spinal disorders. Sp...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00002826-200109000-00002
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report on a schizophrenic patient whose tardive dystonia, delusions, and auditory hallucinations showed remarkable concurrent improvement after replacing haloperidol with risperidone. The present finding suggests that the 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 (5-HT2) antagonistic action of risperidone has brought about the improve...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Male albino rats received a stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right substantia nigra. Animals demonstrating contralateral rotations 2 weeks postoperatively with apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) were treated with L-Dopa (55 mg/kg i.p.), bromocriptine (2 mg/kg i.p.), or polyethylene glycol (vehicl...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Aripiprazole and ziprasidone are 2 antipsychotic medications that are relatively devoid of the metabolic adverse effects associated with the second-generation antipsychotics. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of switching to ziprasidone in patients who had insufficient response or intolerance to...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181d52b85
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tolcapone, a central and peripheral catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, reduces the conversion of L-Dopa into 3-O-methyl-Dopa (3-OMD), thus leading to more stable and sustained L-Dopa plasma levels. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of acute and 6-week tolcapone administration on L-Dopa pharma...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00002826-199901000-00005
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have core impairments in social communication as well as the presence of repetitive, stereotypic behaviors and restricted interests. Older adolescents and young adults are particularly impacted by these deficits. Preclinical data implicate glutamatergic dysfunction in the pat...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1097/WNF.0000000000000033
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::During long-term treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotic medication, side effects such as weight gain and tardive dyskinesia may develop, while other extrapyramidal side effects may continue. A large multicenter, double-blind, comparative trial of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate has been complet...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Four to 10% of patients with Parkinson disease and chronically treated with levodopa undergo an addictionlike behavioral disturbance named dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS). This article suggests that patients with Parkinson disease could be especially prone to develop DDS due to the dopamine deficiency and the "p...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/WNF.0B013E3181634EA6
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study reports the antidepressant efficacy and the safety of amineptine (Survector 100) in a national multicenter open clinical trial (32 hospital centers). Three hundred twenty-four patients with depressive disorders, selected according to DSM-III Diagnostic Criteria and INSERM classification, were treated with a...
journal_title:Clinical neuropharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1097/00002826-198912002-00006
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00