Abstract:
:Linkage disequilibrium between polymorphisms in a natural population may result from various evolutionary forces, including random genetic drift due to sampling of gametes during reproduction, restricted migration between subpopulations in a subdivided population, or epistatic selection. In this report, we present evidence that the majority of significant linkage disequilibria observed in introns of the alcohol dehydrogenase locus (Adh) of Drosophila pseudoobscura are due to epistatic selection maintaining secondary structure of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA). Based on phylogenetic-comparative analysis and a likelihood approach, we propose secondary structure models of Adh pre-mRNA for the regions of the adult intron and intron 2 where clustering of linkage disequilibria has been observed. Furthermore, we applied the likelihood ratio test to the phylogenetically predicted secondary structure in intron 1. In contrast to the other two structures, polymorphisms associated with the more conserved stem-loop structure of intron 1 are in low frequency, and linkage disequilibria have not been observed. These findings are qualitatively consistent with a model of compensatory fitness interactions. This model assumes that mutations disrupting pairing in a secondary structural element are individually deleterious if they destabilize a functionally important structure; a second "compensatory" mutation, however, may restabilize the structure and restore fitness.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Kirby DA,Muse SV,Stephan Wdoi
10.1073/pnas.92.20.9047subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-09-26 00:00:00pages
9047-51issue
20eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
92pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Whether the mate sampling and choice performed by females in nature influences offspring performance is a controversial issue in theory and an open empirical question. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) females engage in an obvious and energetically expensive mate sampling process to identify vigorous males. Although i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0608184103
更新日期:2006-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies imply that the intracellular domain of Notch1 must translocate to the nucleus for its activity. In this study, we demonstrate that a mNotch1 mutant protein that lacks its extracellular domain but retains its membrane-spanning region becomes proteolytically processed on its intracellular surface and, a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.4.1683
更新日期:1996-02-20 00:00:00
abstract::Excellent electrophoretic separations of a variety of biological molecules can be accomplished by using uncharged, triblock copolymers as the "gel" media. These copolymers form uncrosslinked, lyotropic liquid crystalline phases of large micelles between which molecules must travel. Unlike crosslinked hydrogels in comm...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1534
更新日期:1998-02-17 00:00:00
abstract::Recent reports on the dystrophic mouse mutant suggest that the prominent extracellular matrix component of peripheral nerve tissues plays an important role in peripheral nerve development. We have examined the disposition of two prominent extracellular matrix components, fibronectin and laminin, both in mature periphe...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.12.3850
更新日期:1983-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanism of nuclear DNA replication in radicles of germinating cotton (Gossypium barbadense) was investigated. Pulse-labeling with [(3)H]thymidine indicates that replication intermediates are of small molecular weight (4-10S) and behave as if single-stranded. Prolonged labeling indicates that intermediates are of...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.9.3220
更新日期:1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Within the trimeric HIV-1 envelope (Env) spike, the first and second variable loops (V1V2 region) and the third variable loop (V3) of the gp120 subunit play dual roles in antibody recognition, because they contain neutralization epitopes and also participate in epitope masking. The spatial relationships between V1V2 a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1104840108
更新日期:2011-12-13 00:00:00
abstract::Continuous and intensive exploitation of wildlife resources by early agricultural societies had major ecological consequences in the ancient Near East. In particular, hunting strategies of post-Neolithic societies involving the mass killing of wild ungulates contributed to the eventual extirpation of a number of wild ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1017647108
更新日期:2011-05-03 00:00:00
abstract::Plasmons, the collective oscillations of interacting electrons, possess emergent properties that dramatically alter the optical response of metals. We predict the existence of a new class of plasmons-chiral Berry plasmons (CBPs)-for a wide range of 2D metallic systems including gapped Dirac materials. As we show, in t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1519086113
更新日期:2016-04-26 00:00:00
abstract::Complex three-dimensional biophotonic nanostructures produce the vivid structural colors of many butterfly wing scales, but their exact nanoscale organization is uncertain. We used small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on single scales to characterize the 3D photonic nanostructures of five butterfly species from two fam...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0909616107
更新日期:2010-06-29 00:00:00
abstract::A DNA fragment homologous to U6 small nuclear RNA was isolated from a human genomic library and sequenced. The immediate 5'-flanking region of the U6 DNA clone had significant homology with a potential mouse U6 gene, including a "TATA box" at a position 26-29 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site. Alt...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.22.8575
更新日期:1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A Drosophila cDNA encoding a human transcription factor TFIIB homologue was isolated by PCR methods. The deduced amino acid sequence indicates 85% sequence similarity with human TFIIB, and the corresponding cDNA product expressed in Escherichia coli is interchangeable with human TFIIB for both basal and GAL4-VP16-indu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.7.2839
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report here the cloning, expression, and characterization of a dual-substrate, cAMP and cGMP, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) from mouse. This PDE contains the consensus sequence for a PDE catalytic domain, but shares <50% sequence identity with the catalytic domains of all other known PDEs and, therefore...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.12.7071
更新日期:1999-06-08 00:00:00
abstract::We have evaluated the effect of ligand binding on expression of the receptor for IgE on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. RBL cells were grown in the presence or absence of 131I-labeled IgE and sometimes were also surface labeled with 125I. We found that cells grown in the presence of IgE continued to accumulate re...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.5.1522
更新日期:1985-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The amino-terminal sequences of two polypeptides with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth-promoting activities (NSILA I and II), isolated from human serum, were determined. Of the first 31 residues, 22 are identical in NSILA I and II. Moreover, a striking structural similarity was found between NSILA and insu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.12.4379
更新日期:1976-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe here the 1.7-A resolution structure of a single-chain antibody variable domain (scFv) molecule, based on the carbohydrate-binding antibody Se155-4, complexed with the trisaccharide ligand alpha-D-Gal(1-->2)[alpha-D-Abe(1-->3)]alpha-D-Manp1-->OMe, where Abe is abequose. The scFv expressed in Escherichia col...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.14.6423
更新日期:1994-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::The cellulose synthesizing terminal complex consisting of subunits A, B, C, and D in Acetobacter xylinum spans the outer and inner cell membranes to synthesize and extrude glucan chains, which are assembled into subelementary fibrils and further into a ribbon. We determined the structures of subunit D (AxCeSD/AxBcsD) ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1000601107
更新日期:2010-10-19 00:00:00
abstract::The heme-copper oxidases constitute a superfamily of terminal dioxygen-reducing enzymes located in the inner mitochondrial or in the bacterial cell membrane. The presence of a mechanistically important covalent bond between a histidine ligand of the copper ion (Cu(B)) in the active site and a generally conserved tyros...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0606254103
更新日期:2006-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::Using morphometrical methods, we investigated variation in the skeletons of more than 400 offspring of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J male mice that had received either a 250 mg/kg dose of the mutagen ethylnitrosourea or a solvent control. Sperm involved in the matings developed from cells in the spermatogonial stage at the time...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.9.2852
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cdc7 is an essential kinase required for the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Previous studies in many species showed that the minichromosome maintenance complex is a major physiological target of this kinase. In this study, we have mapped the sites in human Mcm2 protein that are phosphorylated by Cdc7. The i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0604990103
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::With high-dimensional data, variable-by-variable statistical testing is often used to select variables whose behavior differs across conditions. Such an approach requires adjustment for multiple testing, which can result in low statistical power. A two-stage approach that first filters variables by a criterion indepen...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0914005107
更新日期:2010-05-25 00:00:00
abstract::The human spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes pre-mRNA splicing. It consists of five snRNAs and more than 200 proteins. Because of this complexity, much work has focused on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosome, viewed as a highly simplified system with fewer than half as many splicing f...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1416879112
更新日期:2015-03-17 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding interactions between membranes requires measurements on well-controlled systems close to natural conditions, in which fluctuations play an important role. We have determined, by grazing incidence X-ray scattering, the interaction potential between two lipid bilayers, one adsorbed on a solid surface and t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1211669109
更新日期:2012-12-04 00:00:00
abstract::Rising sea levels and increased storminess are expected to accelerate the erosion of soft-cliff coastlines, threatening coastal infrastructure and livelihoods. To develop predictive models of future coastal change we need fundamentally to know how rapidly coasts have been eroding in the past, and to understand the dri...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1613044113
更新日期:2016-11-22 00:00:00
abstract::Dopamine (DA) promotes wakefulness, and DA transporter inhibitors such as dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate are effective for increasing arousal and inducing reanimation, or active emergence from general anesthesia. DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are involved in reward processing, motivation, emoti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1614340113
更新日期:2016-11-08 00:00:00
abstract::Retinoblastoma-related (RBR) genes inhibit the cell cycle primarily by repressing adenovirus E2 promoter binding factor (E2F) transcription factors, which drive the expression of numerous genes required for DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. The RBR-E2F pathway is conserved in plants, but cereals such as maize ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0813329106
更新日期:2009-03-10 00:00:00
abstract::Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating human disease of upper and lower motoneurons of unknown etiology. In support of the potential role of autoimmunity in ALS, two immune-mediated animal models of motoneuron disease have been developed that resemble ALS with respect to the loss of motoneurons, the pres...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.2.647
更新日期:1991-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Experiments were performed to ascertain the degree to which the amount of amino acids might be one of the regulatory factors that control the activity of the nucleolar RNA polymerase. Assays of the enzymatic activity were done with isolated nuclei from cells incubated with low and high concentrations of amino acids. S...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.68.12.3040
更新日期:1971-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Kabuki syndrome is a Mendelian intellectual disability syndrome caused by mutations in either of two genes (KMT2D and KDM6A) involved in chromatin accessibility. We previously showed that an agent that promotes chromatin opening, the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) AR-42, ameliorates the deficiency of adult neur...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1611431114
更新日期:2017-01-03 00:00:00
abstract::The L-A double-stranded RNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae makes a gag-pol fusion protein by a -1 ribosomal frameshift. The pol amino acid sequence includes consensus patterns typical of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (EC 2.7.7.48) of (+) strand and double-stranded RNA viruses of animals and plants. We have carr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.6.2185
更新日期:1992-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::The electron spin resonance spectrum of the triplet excited state of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides R-26 reaction centers has been studied after excitation with the polarized narrow-bandwidth output of a tunable dye laser from 520 to 670 nm. A theory is developed relating experimental observables to the angles between th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.11.5636
更新日期:1979-11-01 00:00:00