Abstract:
:In this review the factors present in human amniotic fluid that may function to inhibit bacterial growth have been examined. It appears that several potential antibacterial systems are present. Lysozyme and B-lysin may significantly contribute to the killing of gram-positive bacteria. Whether or not the remaining antibacterial systems function to inhibit gram-positive organisms remains to be determined. The phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor recently described in our laboratory may represent the primary defense mechanism against gram-negative bacteria in amniotic fluid. Studies are warranted to ascertain whether this antibacterial system also inhibits gram-positive bacteria. The phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor is quite different from other bacterial inhibitors in at least three respects. The system is very sensitive to the ubiquitous phosphate anion. The reason for this sensitivity is unknown and is difficult to explain phylogenetically, since phosphates are present virtually everywhere. To our knowledge this is the first antibacterial system of human origin which has been shown to require a metal cation as an integral part of the bactericidal effect. The peptide component of the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor is also unique in that it is of the molecular size of antibiotics or hormones. Additionally, the peptide does not appear to contain any unusual amino acids to explain its antibacterial activity. The mechanism of bacterial destruction of the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor, and its relation to the other antibacterial systems in amniotic fluid, remain to be elucidated.
journal_name
Semin Perinatoljournal_title
Seminars in perinatologyauthors
Schlievert P,Johnson W,Galask RPsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1977-01-01 00:00:00pages
59-70issue
1eissn
0146-0005issn
1558-075Xjournal_volume
1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Medium- and long-term outcomes have been collected and described among survivors of neonatal intensive care units for decades, for a number of purposes: (1) quality control within units, (2) comparisons of outcomes between NICUs, (3) clinical trials (whether an intervention improves outcomes), (4) end-of-life decision...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.009
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The many physiological and hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy have the potential to affect a woman's cardiovascular responses to aerobic exercise. For example, it seems that increased mass and dilation of the left ventricle allow maintenance of wall stress, ensuring adequate pumping function throughout gestat...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(96)80017-6
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laboratory tests are critical in the detection and timely treatment of infection. Two categories of tests are commonly used in neonatal sepsis management: those that identify the pathogen and those that detect host response to a potential pathogen. Decision-making around antibiotic choice is related to the performance...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151328
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In an attempt to prevent preterm birth, clinicians have recommended cerclage for women with shortened cervical length and other worrisome sonographic cervical features in the mid-trimester, although randomized trials have not supported this practice. Emerging data suggest that preterm birth is a complex and poorly und...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2009.06.005
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Effective training has been shown to improve perinatal care and outcome, decrease litigation claims and reduce midwifery sick leave. To be effective, training should be incentivised, in a realistic context, and delivered to inter-professional teams similar to those delivering actual care. Teamwork training is a useful...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2013.02.005
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroblastoma is the most common malignant neoplasm occurring in the neonate and arguably the most variable in its presentation. This review examines differences in the tumor's clinical course in the context of known biologic determinants of behavior. Tumors that would go undetected except for prenatal ultrasonography...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(99)80035-4
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::STDs can be one of the most common antepartum complications in high-risk gravidas. Screening for gonorrhea, syphilis, HPV, and possibly hepatitis B and chlamydial infection, should be considered in most, if not all, pregnant women. Familiarity with the common clinical presentations and treatment of bacterial STDs will...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sleep-disordered breathing occurs in 0.6-15% of reproductive age women. This condition is associated with an increased lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. A substantial body of evidence demonstrated increased perinatal morbidity among pregnancies affected by SDB ...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2015.05.010
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::While the cesarean delivery (CD) rates have increased worldwide, operative vaginal delivery (OVD) rates continue to decline, with the United States having some of the lower rates amongst developed countries. It is clear that the use of forceps or vacuum can safely assist in accomplishing a vaginal delivery and prevent...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2012.04.021
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Use of immunosuppressants during pregnancy is indicated for anti-rejection therapy in transplantation patients and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Maternal side effects include nephrotoxocity and hepatotoxicity. All immunosuppressant drugs cross the placenta. Immunosuppressant use during the first trimester is not s...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(97)80057-2
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Early pregnancy loss is the most common complication in pregnancy. Management options for miscarriage include expectant management, medical intervention, or surgical aspiration. Non-surgical and surgical management are all safe and acceptable options for medically uncomplicated patients. Patient and provider preferenc...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2018.12.005
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Unpublished results can bias biomedical literature, favoring positive over negative findings, primary over secondary analyses, and can lead to duplicate studies that unnecessarily endanger subjects and waste resources. The Neonatal Research Network's (NRN) publication policies for approving, reviewing, and tracking ab...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2016.05.003
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a normal postnatal phenomenon resulting from a transitional imbalance between the production and elimination of bilirubin in the neonate. Bilirubin has been shown to be not only a potent antioxidant, but also toxic at excessive concentrations. As a result, the biology of bilirubin, its p...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/sper.2001.23197
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews the literature on infectious diseases as a cause of stillbirth. Identifying a specific infection as a cause of stillbirth is limited by many obstacles. Nevertheless, "good faith" efforts estimate that approximately 9% to 15% of stillbirths are caused by infections. Infection may be especially impo...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/sper.2002.29839
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Universal prenatal Rhesus (Rh) screening and prophylaxis with Rh immunoglobulin have been highly effective practices for preventing neonatal morbidities and mortality. However, there has been an enormous failure to prevent Rh sensitization and its adverse consequences worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income co...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151357
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Newborn screening describes various tests that can occur during the first few hours or days of a newborn's life and have the potential for preventing severe health problems, including death. Newborn screening has evolved from a simple blood or urine screening test to a more comprehensive and complex screening system c...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2015.03.002
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ichthyoses encompass a variety of genetic disorders marked by abnormal epidermal differentiation. The neonatal period is critical for patients with ichthyosis because of the risk for significant associated morbidity and mortality, with the majority of complications arising as a result of impaired barrier function....
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2012.11.001
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Lancet Neonatal Survival Series categorized neonatal health interventions into 3 service delivery modes: "Outreach," "Family-Community Care," and "Facility-based Clinical Care." Family-Community Care services generally have a greater potential impact on neonatal health than Outreach services, with similar costs. C...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2010.09.008
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which complicates approximately 3% to 10% of all pregnancies leads to preferential hemodynamic changes in affected fetuses. Advanced ultrasound modalities allow reliable and reproducible assessment of the intrauterine fetal cardiac function. Among other methods, combined cardiac...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2008.02.010
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seizures during pregnancy complicate <1% of all gestations; however, they are associated with increased adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes (acute and long term). The differential diagnosis of seizures in pregnancy is extensive. Determining the underlying etiology is crucial in the management of these patients. Me...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2013.04.001
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is clear that external vibroacoustic stimulation with the EAL produces remarkable changes in FHR and fetal movement patterns that are related to changes in fetal behavior. The clinical significance of these studies has been addressed in small series on human fetuses by many authors. There is an obvious lack of unif...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The purpose of this analysis was to determine the impact on specific forms of neonatal morbidity and mortality by allowing women to opt for delivery by elective cesarean section at 39 weeks of gestation (EGA). According to the National Vital Statistics Reports, over 70% of deliveries in the U.S. annually are at...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2006.07.009
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Late preterm infants (34-37 weeks gestation) pose unique challenges to physicians and nurses involved in their care after birth. They may be cared for in different units within hospitals after birth, including Neonatal Intensive Care Units, Newborn Nurseries, or rooming in with the mother. As a result of their gestati...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2006.01.014
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review documents and assesses recent trends in sudden infant death syndrome. We review medical literature, Internet resources, and national governmental data. A striking reduction in SIDS incidence of more than 50% has been observed in various countries after interventions, particularly during the early 1990s, to...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/sper.2002.34774
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genetic sonogram is a composite algorithm combining multiple individual markers to increase Down syndrome risk prediction. Transformation of sonographic information into a standard mathematical format represented an early challenge that has now been surmounted. Using increasingly sophisticated mathematical techniq...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2005.06.005
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tumors are a rare but important cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonate. There is a wide spectrum of benign and malignant tumors that can occur, some of which have a unique presentation and behavior in this age group. It is important to recognize that tumors such as stage IVS neuroblastoma, which have a good p...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(97)80026-2
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cause for most cases of cerebral palsy is unknown. There are however, risk factors that have been associated with this chronic neuromuscular disease. The objective of this article is to review the maternal and fetal conditions (other than asphyxia and infection) strongly associated with increased rate of cerebral ...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/sper.2000.7052
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maternal obesity, excessive gestational weight gain, and preexisting diabetes are known risk factors for increased maternal and neonatal morbidity. These conditions are more prevalent in certain racial and ethnic minorities. Identification and acknowledgement of racial and ethnic inequalities related to maternal metab...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.005
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The majority of maternal deaths associated with hemorrhage could be preventable. The accurate assessment of blood loss, identification of risk factors and timely recognition of postpartum hemorrhage remain major challenges in obs...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2018.11.003
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Morbidly adherent placenta, which describes placenta accreta, increta, and percreta, implies an abnormal implantation of the placenta into the uterine wall. The incidence of placenta accreta has increased significantly over the past several decades, with the main risk factors include prior cesarean section and placent...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2013.06.014
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00