Abstract：
:Two experiments used eye tracking to examine visual searching for expected outcomes in humans during an associative-learning task. In both, participants learned to press keys on a keyboard to activate weapons to repel invading spaceships in the presence of predictive "sensors." In both experiments, eye tracking showed that participants came to direct their overt visual attention to the portions of the screen where the spaceship would arrive during the presentation of the sensor in a cue-specific manner. Participants also directed attention to the weapon that was used to repel the spaceship. The same results were observed regardless of whether participants were responding on the keyboard, or not (Experiment 2). Pupil dilations occurred to the appearance of the spaceship from the first trial and occurred to the predictive sensor stimuli on later trials in both experiments, suggesting that they might be conditioned responses. In Experiment 2 participants again looked for the expected outcome, but dilations to the predictive stimuli were shown to be an artifact of responding and not due to conditioning. The discussion involves the implications for investigating attention to predictive stimuli using eye trackers, roles of context in behavior, and the utility of outcome searching and pupil dilations as indexes of learning.
journal_name
Behav Processesjournal_title
Behavioural processesauthors
Nelson JB,Navarro A,Sanjuan MDCdoi
10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.015subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-07-01 00:00:00pages
237-251eissn
0376-6357issn
1872-8308pii
S0376-6357(18)30501-1journal_volume
164pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Most studies of mate choice have focused on female preference for male traits because it is generally assumed that since males provide less parental investment they are not choosy. However, if males suffer missed opportunity costs by mating with lower quality females, selection should favor males with the ability to d...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2009.05.001
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The behaviour of stroking the abdomen over the nest surface has previously been described in females of only a few Polistes wasp species, and was considered to be associated with pheromonal release. This study examines abdomen stroking in solitary and multiple female laboratory colonies of Polistes dominulus during th...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(92)90048-I
更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Significant correlations (P<0.05) between meals and preceding intervals were shown more often by Japanese quail when fed on diluted mash (40% cellulose) than with undiluted mash or pellets. They showed significant correlations between meals and succeeding intervals with about the same frequency on all three foods. Mos...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(81)90013-9
更新日期：1981-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intra- and interspecific agonistic encounters in Long-Evans and field-trapped Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus showed a consistency in the form and character of attack and defensive behaviors. Colony alpha males exhibited high levels of lateral attack, on-top, and chasing behaviors which resulted in a high percenta...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(82)90052-3
更新日期：1982-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A captive vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) colony was divided into subgroups to determine the influence of the control male and the control female on the expression of control role behaviors in other group members. Separation from the control male invariably caused an increase in the control male factor ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(79)90029-9
更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Models of animal timing often assume the existence of a pacemaker whose variance is produced by a Poisson process. Later stages in these models typically include an accumulator, additional sources of variance, and a process in which the accumulated value is compared to reference memory. Together, these stages produce ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-6357(98)00044-8
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is widely accepted that stationary prey are able to carefully assess the risk levels associated with an approaching predator to make informative decisions on when to escape. However, little is known about subsequent decision-making process. We set out to compare whether escape durations of three species of corvids ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2019.104017
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Species recognition is essential for efficient communication between conspecifics. For this to occur, species information must be unambiguously encoded in the repertoire of each species' vocalizations. Until now, the study of species recognition in songbirds has been focused mainly on male songs and male territorial b...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2005.07.007
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During foraging, thousands of leaf-cutting ant workers travel along high traffic foraging trails which, when narrow, reduce the leaf delivery rate due to the reduction in workers' travel-speed. On the other hand, high worker traffic promotes head-on encounters which are supposed to mediate worker task allocation and s...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2018.08.015
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a promising model organism for affective or cognitive neuroscience research, and may be useful to study the interplay between memory and anxiety-related states. To assess the effects of acute psychological stress on spatial and cued memory, adult zebrafish were trained in an ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2011.04.004
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Five pigeons were trained to discriminate a constant luminance difference when both reinforcer frequency and reinforcer magnitude were varied in an animal analogue of the human discrete-trial yes- no detection task. Variation of relative reinforcer frequency was more effective in biasing detection performance than var...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(85)90124-X
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study tested the use of ventilatory frequency (VF) as an indicator of stress in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Firstly, we tested the relationship between VF and plasma cortisol after confinement. Confined fish showed higher VF and plasma cortisol levels, but the latter continued to increase signif...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2004.01.001
更新日期：2004-04-30 00:00:00
abstract：:In social species such as house mouse, being dominant is vital. Determination of dominance may start early in life and vary during ontogeny. We asked whether pre-pubertal and adolescent behaviour predicts the rank a male mouse finally obtains. Moreover, we asked how dominant vs. subordinate adults differ in exploratio...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104316
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of trail communication by red wood-ants, Formica aquilonia Yarrow, foraging to sugar baits, was investigated by providing a laboratory colony with aqueous sucrose at two novel feeding sites, with a third site, providing no food, as a control. During trials, the sites were connected to the nest by paper bridges...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(94)90040-X
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:What animals know about each other, and how they construct and use knowledge of their social world involves at least an ability to recognise different social categories. Although much evidence has accumulated that animals are able to identify and classify other individuals into different categories, few studies have d...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(94)90060-4
更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fear reactions of ewes towards a human, a human-like model or a control (plastic cylinder 1.95 m high) were studied using a test previously designed and validated, in which 16 behavioural parameters have been interpreted as indicators of fear (e.g. a relatively long time spent away from the stimulus) or absence of fea...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(94)00056-m
更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study investigated whether rats' responding for liquid-sucrose reinforcement delivered by a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule would be altered by the addition of food-pellet reinforcement available subsequent to the PR schedule. In Experiment 1, six rats lever pressed for 1% sucrose reinforcers delivered by ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00033-0
更新日期：2003-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Weaklings serve as a buffer, allowing an increase in the overall prospect of offspring survival. Whereas birds are able to directly determine which offspring to invest in via selective feeding, multiparous mammals have fewer methods of excluding weaklings from milk provision. In pigs the maternal investment strategy i...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2016.10.010
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rodent urine provides animals with a large amount of information, from the identity of the animal through its physical condition to social status. Many studies therefore focus on rodent urine-marking behaviour and use marking frequency as an indicator of social status or competitive ability. However, marking, like man...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2012.01.004
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Accumulating evidence indicates that animals are able to discriminate between quantities. Recent studies have shown that dogs' and coyotes' ability to discriminate between quantities of food items decreases with increasing numerical ratio. Conversely, wolves' performance is not affected by numerical ratio. Cross-speci...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2017.09.003
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We studied the effects of cue competition on timing in both overshadowing and blocking operant procedures with pigeons. A white center key delivered reward when pecked 30s after a red or green sidekey was presented and 10s after presentation of the alternate color on the other sidekey. In Experiment 1, key presentatio...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2010.02.018
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We developed a shaping procedure for training Florida red-bellied cooters, Pseudemys nelsoni, to dislodge clear plastic bottles to obtain food pellets. The animals were then trained in a 2-choice problem to choose only the bottle containing pellets. All nine turtles learned the task of knocking over bottles for food. ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2007.02.021
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ctenodactylus gundi, a colonial rodent inhabiting saharian Atlas, is often seen standing at the top of the rocks. At more or less regular intervals, another conspecific is taking the place of the "resident" animal. This relief impues only amicable reliationships and is to be considered as a kind of cooperation. The fu...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/S0376-6357(89)80009-9
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Models of motivation have been traditionally classified along the lines of homeostatic/ priming dichotomies using a diversity of definitions and names. Here, similar classification is used to describe a model of behaviour made of two well-defined mechanisms connected in series representing priming and homeostasis, and...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(94)00029-g
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of aging on spontaneous locomotor behavior and habituation in a mechanosensory reflex were examined in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Worms were tested at 4 days (at the peak of egg laying), at 7 days (when egg laying ends) and at 12 days post-hatching. Both spontaneous and reflexive movements were s...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(93)90088-9
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Within the psychological literature there are a number of models that reproduce the defining properties of habituation to a single stimulus. However, most of them do not reproduce the phenomenon of dishabituation shown in empirical studies, consisting in the recovery of a stimulus previously habituated upon the appear...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2006.06.007
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is an extensive literature suggesting that following sexual experience male mammals show chronic elevation of sexual behavior and growth of reproductive organs and glands. An hypothesis was examined in the present research that a similar pattern of changes would be revealed in females after sexual contact withou...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(89)90029-6
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the study was to assess whether adult stallions differentiate their olfactory and marking behaviour towards the excreta of their potential male rivals and mares. Four Konik polski stallions were individually exposed simultaneously to their own and each others' faeces as well as faeces of mares in oestrus vs...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2017.09.015
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Participants repeatedly played a self-control game in which choice of the higher of two monetary rewards on the present trial reduced the overall reward ('alone condition'). Other participants played a prisoner's dilemma (social cooperation) game in which choices alternated so that overall reward-reducing consequences...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-6357(99)00054-6
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the extensive lines of research on delay and/or probability discounting have greatly expanded our understanding of human decision-making processes, the relation between these two phenomena remains unclear. For example, some studies have reported robust associations between delay and probability discounting, w...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2012.09.001
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
