Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Prescription opioid abuse and misuse is a serious and growing public health issue. While the most common form of abuse is swallowing intact tablets/capsules, some abusers manipulate, or tamper with, these medications by altering the dosage form to allow for non-oral routes of administration (e.g., injection, inhalation) in order to achieve more rapid or enhanced psychoactive effects. Because administration of opioids via non-oral routes results in greater systemic availability and more rapid central nervous system penetration, we hypothesized that death and major medical outcomes occur more frequently with non-oral routes compared to oral route alone. METHODS:This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS) System Poison Center Program to investigate relative risk of prescription opioid abuse via oral and non-oral routes. RESULTS:While the oral route was the most commonly reported route of abuse (64.0%), non-oral routes were reported in 14.6% exposures and unknown routes in 21.4% exposures. The relative risk of an exposure resulting in death or major effect was 2.43 (95% CI 1.97, 2.99) if non-oral routes were reported compared to exposures involving oral route only. CONCLUSION:Analysis of acute health events recorded by poison centers indicates that death or major effects are twice as likely to occur with intentional abuse of prescription opioids via non-oral routes of administration than ingestion alone. Effective interventions to prevent abuse via non-oral routes of solid dosage forms of prescription opioids, such as abuse-deterrent formulations could have a significant public health impact.
journal_name
Drug Alcohol Dependjournal_title
Drug and alcohol dependenceauthors
Green JL,Bucher Bartelson B,Le Lait MC,Roland CL,Masters ET,Mardekian J,Bailey JE,Dart RCdoi
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.039subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-06-01 00:00:00pages
140-145eissn
0376-8716issn
1879-0046pii
S0376-8716(17)30138-2journal_volume
175pub_type
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