Abstract：
:Renin substrate, biological renin activity, and/or renin-secreting cells in kidneys evolved at an early stage of vertebrate phylogeny. Angiotensin (Ang) I and II molecules have been identified biochemically in representative species of all vertebrate classes, although variation occurs in amino acids at positions 1, 5, and 9 of Ang I. Variations have also evolved in amino acid positions 3 and 4 in some cartilaginous fish. Angiotensin receptors, AT1 and AT2 homologues, have been identified molecularly or characterized pharmacologically in nonmammalian vertebrates. Also, various forms of angiotensins that bypass the traditional renin-angiotensin system (RAS) cascades or those from large peptide substrates, particularly in tissues, are present. Nonetheless, the phylogenetically important functions of RAS are to maintain blood pressure/blood volume homeostasis and ion-fluid balance via the kidney and central mechanisms. Stimulation of cell growth and vascularization, possibly via paracrine action of angiotensins, and the molecular biology of RAS and its receptors have been intensive research foci. This review provides an overview of: (1) the phylogenetic appearance, structure, and biochemistry of the RAS cascade; (2) the properties of angiotensin receptors from comparative viewpoints; and (3) the functions and regulation of the RAS in nonmammalian vertebrates. Discussions focus on the most fundamental functions of the RAS that have been conserved throughout phylogenetic advancement, as well as on their physiological implications and significance. Examining the biological history of RAS will help us analyze the complex RAS systems of mammals. Furthermore, suitable models for answering specific questions are often found in more primitive animals.
journal_name
Anat Sci Intjournal_title
Anatomical science internationalauthors
Nishimura Hdoi
10.1007/s12565-016-0372-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-03-01 00:00:00pages
215-247issue
2eissn
1447-6959issn
1447-073Xpii
10.1007/s12565-016-0372-8journal_volume
92pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:We herein report a case showing the simultaneous occurrence of an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) and accessory lobe of the liver in a 75-year-old female cadaver. In the thorax, the left aortic arch branched into the right common carotid artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, and ARSA, in ...
journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-010-0100-8
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-014-0260-z
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-016-0353-y
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：:To understand which layer of the intrinsic muscles of the foot the adductor hallucis muscle belongs to, it is essential to investigate the innervation patterns of this muscle. In the present study, we examined the innervation patterns of the adductor hallucis muscles in 17 feet of 15 Japanese cadavers. We investigated...
journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1447-073x.2005.00109.x
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
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更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1447-073X.2005.00116.x
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00175.x
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-016-0326-1
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.0022-7722.2003.00050.x
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-008-0012-z
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-015-0318-6
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12565-013-0219-5
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-014-0254-x
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-010-0079-1
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-015-0288-8
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-014-0227-0
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human pelvis is one of the skeletons where sex differences are expressed, but few detailed studies have been conducted on sex-related differences in the sacroiliac joint morphology. Therefore, we conducted a three-dimensional morphological analysis evaluation of the sacroiliac joints to clarify the sex-related dif...
journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-019-00513-2
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
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更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12565-009-0023-4
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the thoracic duct (TD) requires special attention during thoracic surgery, to our knowledge, its detailed course in the situs inversus totalis (SIT) case has not been reported. We encountered an 86-year-old Japanese female cadaver with SIT during a student anatomical practice and examine the TD. The TD origin...
journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-020-00532-4
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A major component of tooth innervation is made of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents (CSPA). These fibers play a key role in tooth pain and inflammation; little is known, however, about the role of CSPA in tooth eruption. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the capsaicin-sensitive afferents in the proc...
journal_title：Anatomical science international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12565-018-0460-z
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
