Abstract:
:One of the most basic predictions of almost any model of crime is that individual time preferences matter. However, empirical evidence on this fundamental property is essentially nonexistent. To our knowledge, this paper provides the first pieces of evidence on the link between time discounting and crime. We use a unique dataset that combines a survey-based measure of time discount rates (at age 13) with detailed longitudinal register data on criminal behavior spanning over 18 y. Our results show that individuals with short time horizons have a significantly higher risk of criminal involvement later in life. The magnitude of the relationship is substantial and corresponds to roughly one-third of the association between intelligence and crime.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Åkerlund D,Golsteyn BH,Grönqvist H,Lindahl Ldoi
10.1073/pnas.1522445113subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-05-31 00:00:00pages
6160-5issue
22eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1522445113journal_volume
113pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Superficial cells from early amphibian embryos display regional specializations of their cell surfaces. That portion of the plasma membrane facing the perivitelline space (apical surface) is nonadhesive, whereas, in the same cell, the lateral and basal portions of the plasma membrane will adhere to other cells. These ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.6.3460
更新日期:1980-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electron spectroscopic imaging, a new technique that permits the quantitative detection of the spatial distributions of atomic elements at high resolution, has been applied to the epiphyseal zone of hypertrophy in the mouse for the visualization of calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur. Longitudinally sectioned epiphyseal g...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.5.1322
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of perception usually emphasize processes that are largely universal across observers and--except for short-term fluctuations--stationary over time. Here we test the universality and stationarity assumptions with two families of ambiguous visual stimuli. Each stimulus can be perceived in two different ways, pa...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1073/pnas.1508847112
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A series of HIV integrase (HIV-1 IN) inhibitors were synthesized to evaluate the role of the metal-binding group (MBG) in this class of metalloenzyme inhibitors. A total of 21 different raltegravir-chelator derivative (RCD) compounds were prepared that differed only in the nature of the MBG. These IN strand-transfer i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1112389109
更新日期:2012-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::Tail-anchored (TA) membrane proteins are involved in a variety of important cellular functions, including membrane fusion, protein translocation, and apoptosis. The ATPase Get3 (Asna1, TRC40) was identified recently as the endoplasmic reticulum targeting factor of TA proteins. Get3 consists of an ATPase and alpha-heli...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0910223106
更新日期:2009-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::P450c17 is the single enzyme mediating both 17 alpha-hydroxylase (steroid 17 alpha-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.99.9) and 17,20 lyase activities in the synthesis of steroid hormones. It has been suggested that different P450c17 isozymes mediate these activities in the adrenal gland and testis. We sequenced 423 of the 509 am...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.2.407
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) contributes to approximately 80% of all Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs), a highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. MCV-positive MCC expresses small T antigen (ST) and a truncated form of large T antigen (LT) and usually contains wild-type p53 (TP53) and RB (RB1). In contras...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1818798116
更新日期:2019-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::The intracellular levels of many proteins are regulated by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. One of the best-characterized enzymes that catalyzes the attachment of ubiquitin to proteins is a ubiquitin ligase complex, Skp1-Cullin-F box complex containing Hrt1 (SCF). We sought to artificially target a protein to the SCF ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.141230798
更新日期:2001-07-17 00:00:00
abstract::We report measurements of the geometrical structure and temporal evolution of metastable helical intermediates in the pathway for cholesterol crystallization in native and model biles. We find that the lecithin component in the bile can dramatically affect the kinetics along this pathway. We also present a theoretical...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.23.11341
更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The "chlamydial anomaly," first coined by James Moulder, describes the inability of researchers to detect or purify peptidoglycan (PG) from pathogenic Chlamydiae despite genetic and biochemical evidence and antibiotic susceptibility data that suggest its existence. We recently detected PG in Chlamydia trachomatis by a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1514026112
更新日期:2015-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Three types of protein kinase C were purified from rabbit brain cytosol. Each type has a molecular mass of approximately 80 kDa and serves as a receptor for phorbol esters. Polyclonal antibodies produced to two protein kinase C types were relatively type-specific, indicating that these proteins have unique antigenic d...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.13.4418
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A varying oxygen environment is known to affect cellular function in disease as well as activity of various therapeutics. For transient structures, whether they are unconstrained therapeutic transplants, migrating cells during tumor metastasis, or cell populations induced by an immunological response, the role of oxyg...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1815909116
更新日期:2019-03-12 00:00:00
abstract::Human liver alkaline phosphatase [ortho-phosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] was purified, and some of its physical and chemical properties were examined and compared to those of human placental alkaline phosphatase. The results indicated a different peptide structure for each, based u...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.7.2201
更新日期:1976-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genes carried by EcoRI endonuclease-generated fragments of Staphylococcus plasmid DNA have been covalently joined to the E. coli antibiotic-resistance plasmid pSC101, and the resulting hybrid molecules have been introduced into E. coli by transformation. The newly constructed plasmids replicate as biologically functio...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.71.4.1030
更新日期:1974-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Earlier work has shown that mitochondrial proteins synthesized in the cytosol are initially made as larger precursors which are then transferred into the organelles and processed to their mature size in the absence of protein synthesis. It is now demonstrated that depletion of the mitochondrial matrix ATP in intact ye...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.9.4365
更新日期:1979-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Retinoblastoma-related (RBR) proteins regulate cell division in higher eukaryotes by controlling the adenovirus E2 promoter binding factor (E2F)/dimerization partner (DP) family of transcription factors that regulate expression of many genes involved in cell-cycle progression. We identified a previously undescribed me...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0506160102
更新日期:2005-09-13 00:00:00
abstract::The hallmark of the menstrual cycle is extensive steroid-dependent tissue turnover. Estrogen mediates endometrial cell growth and structural remodeling, whereas progesterone suppresses estrogen-dependent proliferation and promotes cellular differentiation. In nonfertile cycles, tissue degradation and menstruation occu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.21.10129
更新日期:1994-10-11 00:00:00
abstract::Delayed gastric ulcer healing is a well recognized problem associated with the use of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. In contrast, NO-releasing COX inhibitors do not interfere with ulcer healing. These divergent effects may in part be due to differences in their effects on platelets, which are known to influence ulce...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.202392199
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relative importance of local ecological and larger-scale historical processes in causing differences in species richness across the globe remains keenly debated. To gain insight into these questions, we investigated the assembly of plant diversity in the Cerrado in South America, the world's most species-rich trop...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0903410106
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have investigated the mycorrhizal associations of two nonphotosynthetic orchids from distant tribes within the Orchidaceae. The two orchids were found to associate exclusively with two distinct clades of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetous fungi over wide geographic ranges. Yet both orchids retained the internal mycorr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4510
更新日期:1997-04-29 00:00:00
abstract::The nuclear lamina is a network of structural filaments, the A and B type lamins, located at the nuclear envelope and throughout the nucleus. Lamin filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical stability and support many basic activities, including gene regulation. Mutations in LMNA, the gene encoding A type lamins, c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0601058103
更新日期:2006-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which genetic risk has been mapped to HLA, but precise allelic associations have been difficult to infer due to limitations in genotyping methodology. Mapping PD risk at highest possible resolution, we performed sequencing of 11 HLA genes in 1,597 PD cases and...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1821778116
更新日期:2019-04-09 00:00:00
abstract::In adipocytes, adenylate cyclase is positively regulated by beta-adrenergic agents and negatively regulated by adenosine. Incubation of adipocytes with adenosine deaminase relieves the inhibition of adenylate cyclase by destroying the adenosine that the cells release into the medium. When adipocytes are incubated with...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.6.1614
更新日期:1985-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbes whose genomes are encoded by DNA and for which adequate information is available display similar genomic mutation rates (average 0.0034 mutations per chromosome replication, range 0.0025 to 0.0046). However, this value currently is based on only a few well characterized microbes reproducing within a narrow ra...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.141113098
更新日期:2001-07-03 00:00:00
abstract::Replication of complementary-strand DNA in filamentous phages is initiated by a primer RNA that is synthesized at the minus-strand origin on the viral single-stranded DNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma70 subunit. We have demonstrated that the affinity of RNA polymerase in vitro to t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.7.2909
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Skin wound infections are a significant health problem, and antibiotic resistance is on the rise. Mast cells (MCs) have been shown to contribute to host-defense responses in certain bacterial infections, but their role in skin wound superinfection is unknown. We subjected 2 MC-deficient mouse strains to Pseudomonas ae...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1908816116
更新日期:2019-10-08 00:00:00
abstract::PUF proteins control both growth and differentiation in the C. elegans germ line. These conserved RNA-binding proteins inhibit expression of target mRNAs, either by repressing translation or promoting degradation. Previous studies showed that PUF-8, a PUF protein with striking similarity to human Pumilio, prevents ret...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0504593102
更新日期:2005-08-02 00:00:00
abstract::The structures of human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors and rat liver alpha 1-adrenergic receptors were compared by utilizing isoelectric focusing, NaDodSO4/PAGE, and monoclonal antibody crossreactivity. Digitonin-solubilized alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors have an identical isoelectric point of 4.6. U...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.14.4842
更新日期:1985-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neonicotinoid insecticides control crop pests based on their action as agonists at the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which accepts chloropyridinyl- and chlorothiazolyl-analogs almost equally well. In some cases, these compounds have also been reported to enhance plant vigor and (a)biotic stress tolerance, i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1013020107
更新日期:2010-10-12 00:00:00
abstract::Here we show how a simple inorganic salt can spontaneously form autocatalytic sets of replicating inorganic molecules that work via molecular recognition based on the {PMo12} ≡ [PMo12O40]3- Keggin ion, and {Mo36} ≡ [H3Mo57M6(NO)6O183(H2O)18]22- cluster. These small clusters are able to catalyze their own formation via...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1921536117
更新日期:2020-05-19 00:00:00