A detailed analysis of online pharmacy characteristics to inform safe usage by patients.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:Evidence suggests that consumers potentially put themselves at risk when purchasing medicines on-line. Whilst logos provided by regulators may provide some level of reassurance there may be other indicators which could be used by consumers to identify those websites which may be safely used. OBJECTIVES:Identify characteristics of on-line pharmacies which are related to whether websites are regulated or non-regulated and those characteristics which could be used by patients to increase the likelihood of accessing regulated sites. SETTING:Online pharmacies which supply diazepam, fluoxetine and simvastatin. METHODS:Using piloted search terms via Google and Yahoo search engines, identified websites were screened for regulatory status, adherence to regulatory standards, administrative requirements, clinical assessment requirements and additional details deemed to be of relevance to a user. Characteristics of regulated and non-regulated (defined as those with an absence of a correctly linked regulatory logo) websites were compared to identify differences which could be used to improve patient safety. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Regulatory status, adherence to regulatory standards, quality of information provision, barriers to medicines access. RESULTS:113 websites sold diazepam, fluoxetine and simvastatin; were identified within the first 100 results. Less than quarter were found to be regulated online pharmacies. 80 websites were willing to sell the medication without a prescription. The unregulated internet pharmacy websites (defined as those with an absence of a correctly linked regulatory logo) were found to adhere more closely to the clinical criteria, were less significantly likely to disclose a contact name and address, telephone number of the pharmacy or demand a prescription prior to sale (P < 0.05, Fisher's Exact). CONCLUSIONS:The three prescription-only medicines which are liable to abuse, have potentially serious interactions and require counselling to ensure patient safety are readily available via the internet. When purchasing medicines via this route UK consumers should be made aware of the importance of regulatory logos and additionally should ensure that the seller can be meaningfully contacted by the contact details provided. The provision of clinical information should not be used alone as an indication of the seller's provenance.

journal_name

Int J Clin Pharm

authors

Alwon BM,Solomon G,Hussain F,Wright DJ

doi

10.1007/s11096-014-0056-1

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-02-01 00:00:00

pages

148-58

issue

1

eissn

2210-7703

issn

2210-7711

journal_volume

37

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Good practice in antibiotic use: what about linezolid in a French university hospital?

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:Linezolid represents an important advance in the treatment of methicillinresistant staphylococci. Its effectiveness should be preserved by appropriate uses. The aims of this survey were to describe the use of linezolid in clinical practice and to assess its overall safety. METHODS:This retrospective observat...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-011-9576-0

    authors: Aubin G,Lebland C,Corvec S,Thomaré P,Potel G,Caillon J,Navas D

    更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00

  • Prescribing of zoledronic acid in a tertiary outpatient hospital setting.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an intravenous bisphosphonate approved for the prevention and treatment of cancer skeletal-related events. OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to analyze the prescription patterns of ZA in the cancer outpatient clinic. METHOD:We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients who received ...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-012-9693-4

    authors: Anglada-Martínez H,do Pazo-Oubiña F,Molas-Ferrer G,Estefanell-Tejero A,Riu-Viladoms G,Ribas-Sala J,Creus-Baró N

    更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00

  • Potentially inappropriate medications in Chinese community-dwelling older adults.

    abstract::Background There is a lack of data on the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in community-dwelling older adults in China. Objective To assess the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication in community dwelling older adults in China and to investigate risk factors associated with the us...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-020-00980-y

    authors: Huang Y,Zhang L,Huang X,Liu K,Yu Y,Xiao J

    更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00

  • A quantitative comparison of ward-based clinical pharmacy activities in 7 acute UK hospitals.

    abstract::Background Several clinical pharmacy activities are common to UK hospitals. It is not clear whether these are provided at similar levels, and whether they take similar amounts of time to carry out. Objective To quantify and compare clinical pharmacist ward activities between different UK hospitals. Setting Seven acute...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1007/s11096-016-0386-2

    authors: Onatade R,Miller G,Sanghera I

    更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00

  • Development and psychometric testing of the medication taking behavior tool in Thai patients.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The previous Thai version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (8-item MMAS) showed poor sensitivity and unacceptable internal consistency reliability. OBJECTIVES:To develop and test the psychometric properties of a new medication taking behavior measure for Thai patients (MTB-Thai) including pr...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1007/s11096-016-0275-8

    authors: Sakthong P,Sonsa-Ardjit N,Sukarnjanaset P,Munpan W,Suksanga P

    更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00

  • INR optimization based on stroke risk factors in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Bleeding complications have been frequently reported in East Asian patients on warfarin with a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0-3.0. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to identify the optimal therapeutic range of the INR in Korean patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Setting Card...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-015-0149-5

    authors: Chung JE,Choi YR,Seong JM,La HO,Gwak HS

    更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00

  • The acceptability of a direct oral anticoagulant monitoring regimen among patients with atrial fibrillation: a pilot study.

    abstract::Background The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) offer several advantages over warfarin in the management atrial fibrillation, including the provision of fixed dosing without a requirement for regular monitoring. Recently however the subject of DOAC monitoring has been probed after several post-hoc analyses demonstra...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-019-00830-6

    authors: Mourad AP,Aslani P,D'Souza M,Brieger D

    更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00

  • 'What is not written does not exist': the importance of proper documentation of medication use history.

    abstract::Medications are perceived as health risk factors, because they might cause damage if used improperly. In this context, an adequate assessment of medication use history should be encouraged, especially in transitions of care to avoid unintended medication discrepancies (UMDs). In a case-controlled study, we investigate...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1007/s11096-017-0519-2

    authors: Silvestre CC,Santos LMC,de Oliveira-Filho AD,de Lyra DP Jr

    更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00

  • Knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors and practice of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease by Community Pharmacists in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.

    abstract::Background Studies in international literature have shown that Community Pharmacists can make considerable impact in controlling cardiovascular disease risk factors, especially hypertension. In Nigeria, there are no studies on the knowledge of CVD risk factors by Community Pharmacists and their practice of primary pre...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-018-0744-3

    authors: Amadi CE,Lawal FO,Mbakwem AC,Ajuluchukwu JN,Oke DA

    更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00

  • Influence of pharmaceutical care on the delayed emesis associated with chemotherapy.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Complete control of emesis during chemotherapy remains to be achieved. This could be improved by increasing adherence to medicines and recommendations. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of pharmaceutical care on the incidence of delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-014-9915-z

    authors: Caracuel F,Baños Ú,Herrera MD,Ramírez G,Muñoz N

    更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00

  • Validation of the Lebanese Medication Adherence Scale among Lebanese diabetic patients.

    abstract::Background Adherence to oral antidiabetics plays a pivotal role in controlling diabetes. Healthcare workers evaluate this adherence when visited by patients. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to validate the existing LMAS-14 (Lebanese Medication Adherence Scale) in Lebanese diabetic adults. The second...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-020-01197-9

    authors: Ibrahim L,Ibrahim L,Hallit S,Salameh P,Sacre H,Akel M,Bou Serhal R,Saleh N

    更新日期:2020-11-17 00:00:00

  • Predictors of the use of medications before and during pregnancy.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Drug use in pregnancy is often reason of concern for mothers and their physicians. However, only few studies investigated predictors of drug use in pregnancy. OBJECTIVES:To examine maternal characteristics as predictors of medication use in the 6 months before pregnancy and during the first 6 months of preg...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-013-9750-7

    authors: Odalovic M,Vezmar Kovacevic S,Nordeng H,Ilic K,Sabo A,Tasic L

    更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00

  • Treatment related problems for outpatients with chronic diseases in Jordan: the value of home medication reviews.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Research conducted in Jordan has shown that suboptimal use of medications by outpatients along with the suboptimal role played by community pharmacists is currently a big dilemma highlighting the need for the Home Medication Review (HMR) service in the country. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the prevalence and type...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-012-9713-4

    authors: Basheti IA,Qunaibi EA,Bulatova NR,Samara S,AbuRuz S

    更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00

  • Suboptimal antimicrobial drug exposure in patients with renal impairment.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Recommendations on drug dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment may vary between the references. It is often unknown which approach the dosing schemes were based on and what drug exposure is likely to be achieved. OBJECTIVE:To develop a simple method to evaluate recommended dosing schemes for pati...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-015-0141-0

    authors: Czock D,Spitaletta M,Keller F

    更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00

  • Storage and disposal of unused medications: knowledge, behavior, and attitudes among Serbian people.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Improper disposal of medications potentially poses a significant environmental risk and storage of expired and unused medications in households provides an increased risk of accidental childhood poisonings. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to investigate the storage and disposal habits of medicatio...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-012-9652-0

    authors: Kusturica MP,Sabo A,Tomic Z,Horvat O,Solak Z

    更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00

  • The relationship between patients' knowledge of diabetes therapeutic goals and self-management behaviour, including adherence.

    abstract::Background The Middle East region has one the highest prevalence rates of diabetes in the world. Little is known about the determinants of adherence and the role of knowledge in diabetes self-management within these populations. Objective To investigate the relationship between patients knowledge of diabetes therapeut...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1007/s11096-016-0375-5

    authors: Waheedi M,Awad A,Hatoum HT,Enlund H

    更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00

  • General public's perspectives of issues relating to misuse of medicines: a cross-sectional survey in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

    abstract::Background Misuse of prescription medicines is a global issue potentially resulting in severe consequences including adverse drug reactions, dependence, tolerance, increased healthcare utility and mortality. Objective To assess the public's perspectives of issues relating to medicines misuse. Method A survey of member...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-019-00893-5

    authors: Tobaiqy M,Radwi M,Alhasan AH,Basaeed LF,Stewart D

    更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00

  • The impact of cardiovascular medication use on patients' daily lives: a cross-sectional study.

    abstract::Background The management of multiple long-term medicines of patients with chronic diseases creates a burden for patients. However, limited research is performed on its impact on patients' daily lives. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the impact of cardiovascular medication on different daily life aspect...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-018-0601-4

    authors: van der Laan DM,Elders PJM,Boons CCLM,Nijpels G,Krska J,Hugtenburg JG

    更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00

  • Consumers' perception of generic substitution in Iran.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The growth of pharmaceutical expenditure and patients' out of pocket has motivated policy makers to encourage patients to substitution of brands medicines with their generic alternatives called generic substitution. OBJECTIVES:As the patients are final decision makers to accept generic substitution, the aim...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-015-0085-4

    authors: Yousefi N,Mehralian G,Peiravian F,NourMohammadi S

    更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00

  • Correlation between the use of 'over-the-counter' medicines and adherence in elderly patients on multiple medications.

    abstract::Background Medication adherence is a multifaceted issue that is influenced by various factors. One factor may be the concurrent use of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. The use of OTC medicine has been reported as common amongst elderly patients. Objective To determine if a correlation exists between the use of OTC me...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-013-9863-z

    authors: Olesen C,Harbig P,Barat I,Damsgaard EM

    更新日期:2013-10-12 00:00:00

  • Understanding management of poorly controlled pain in community-dwelling analgesic users: a qualitative study.

    abstract::Background Chronic pain is a prevalent and debilitating condition for many people. Globally it is the greatest contributor to years lived with disability. Management often includes pharmacotherapy and pharmacists are therefore well placed to contribute to chronic pain management. Objective To explore chronic pain mana...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-020-01198-8

    authors: Wilson AJ,Spark MJ

    更新日期:2020-11-27 00:00:00

  • Identification of drug-related problems by a clinical pharmacist in addition to computerized alerts.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Both clinical pharmacists and computerized physician order entry systems with clinical decision support (CPOE/CDSS) can reduce drug-related problems (DRPs). However, the contribution of a clinical pharmacist in addition to CPOE/CDSS has not been established in a prospective study. OBJECTIVE:To determine whi...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-013-9798-4

    authors: Zaal RJ,Jansen MM,Duisenberg-van Essenberg M,Tijssen CC,Roukema JA,van den Bemt PM

    更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00

  • Hospital pharmacists seen through the eyes of physicians: qualitative semi-structured interviews.

    abstract::Background Pharmacist-physician collaboration can lead to many positive outcomes. However, collaboration between healthcare providers is complex and rarely performed optimally. Objectives To study physician-pharmacist collaboration in hospital settings, from the physician's point of view. Setting Eight regional non-te...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-016-0395-1

    authors: Béchet C,Pichon R,Giordan A,Bonnabry P

    更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00

  • Potentially inappropriate medications in a sample of Portuguese nursing home residents: Does the choice of screening tools matter?

    abstract:UNLABELLED:Background Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are often found in high proportion among the elderly population. The STOPP criteria have been suggested to detect more PIMs in European elderly than the Beers criteria. Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PIMs and potential prescri...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1007/s11096-016-0337-y

    authors: da Costa FA,Periquito C,Carneiro MC,Oliveira P,Fernandes AI,Cavaco-Silva P

    更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00

  • Doctors' perceptions, expectations and experience regarding the role of pharmacist in hospital settings of Pakistan.

    abstract::Background The inclusion of pharmacist in health care system is essential to ensure optimal patient care. However, with the passage of time, pharmacist's role has transcended from dispensing, compounding and counting of pills, to more sophisticated clinical duties. Objective To evaluate doctors' experience, perception...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-020-00991-9

    authors: Khan N,McGarry K,Naqvi AA,Holden K

    更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00

  • Community pharmacists and mental illness: a survey of service provision, stigma, attitudes and beliefs.

    abstract::Background Half of Americans experience mental illness during their lifetime. Significant opportunity exists for community pharmacists to deliver services to these patients; however, personal and practice-related barriers may prevent full engagement. Objective To assess the demographics, practice characteristics, serv...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-018-0619-7

    authors: Giannetti V,Caley CF,Kamal KM,Covvey JR,McKee J,Wells BG,Najarian DM,Dunn TJ,Vadagam P

    更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00

  • Impact of an oral nutrition protocol in patients treated with elective radical cystectomy: a long term follow-up.

    abstract::Background After radical cystectomy, delayed return of bowel function is relatively common. Although studies investigating on the best modality for delivering nutritional support to this patient group are limited, parenteral nutrition was standard of care in those patients at the urological ward of the University Hosp...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-019-00800-y

    authors: Declercq P,Van der Aa F,De Pourcq L,Spriet I

    更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00

  • Incidence, nature, severity, and causes of dispensing errors in community pharmacies in Jordan.

    abstract::Background Medication dispensing is a core function of community pharmacies, and errors that occur during the dispensing process are a major concern for pharmacy profession. However, to date there has been no national study of medication dispensing errors in Jordan. Objective The study aimed to investigate the inciden...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-020-01126-w

    authors: Abdel-Qader DH,Al Meslamani AZ,Lewis PJ,Hamadi S

    更新日期:2020-08-17 00:00:00

  • A possible effect of montelukast on neurological aging examined by the use of register data.

    abstract::Background The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast has been shown to rejuvenate aged brains in rats; however, data on humans are still scarce. Objective To investigate if montelukast may alleviate degenerative neurological changes using a register data. Setting Norwegian registry data analyses. Method The pres...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-020-01160-8

    authors: Grinde B,Schirmer H,Eggen AE,Aigner L,Engdahl B

    更新日期:2020-10-09 00:00:00

  • Comparing remifentanil and sufentanil in stress reduction during neurosurgery: a randomised controlled trial.

    abstract::Background In most scenarios, anaesthesiologists titrate opioids to control nociceptive surgical stress based on intraoperative haemodynamic changes. Remifentanil was reported to cause more profound cardiovascular depression than sufentanil. A concern is that this direct cardiovascular depression might counteract the ...

    journal_title:International journal of clinical pharmacy

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s11096-020-01094-1

    authors: Liu YH,Hu XB,Yang XM,Wang YW,Deng M

    更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00