Abstract：
PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The management of retinoblastoma is complex and involves strategically chosen methods of enucleation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, laser photocoagulation, thermotherapy, and cryotherapy. Chemotherapy has become the most common eye-sparing modality. There are four routes of delivery of chemotherapy for retinoblastoma, including intravenous, intra-arterial, periocular, and intravitreal techniques. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current rationale for each method and the anticipated outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS:The diagnosis of retinoblastoma should be clinically established prior to embarking on a chemotherapy protocol. There are over 25 conditions that can closely simulate retinoblastoma in a young child. In addition, enucleation is an acceptable method for management, particularly with advanced retinoblastoma. Intravenous chemotherapy is generally used for germline mutation (bilateral, familial) retinoblastoma with excellent tumor control for groups A, B, and C and intermediate control for group D eyes. Intra-arterial chemotherapy is used as primary therapy in selected cases for nongermline mutation (unilateral) retinoblastoma with excellent control, and also used as secondary therapy for recurrent solid retinoblastoma, subretinal seeds, and vitreous seeds. Periocular chemotherapy is employed to boost local chemotherapy dose in advanced bilateral groups D and E eyes or for localized recurrences. Intravitreal chemotherapy is used for recurrent vitreous seeds from retinoblastoma. Patients at high risk for metastases should receive intravenous chemotherapy. SUMMARY:Chemotherapy is effective for retinoblastoma and the targeted treatment route depends on the clinical features and anticipated outcomes.
journal_name
Curr Opin Ophthalmoljournal_title
Current opinion in ophthalmologyauthors
Shields CL,Lally SE,Leahey AM,Jabbour PM,Caywood EH,Schwendeman R,Shields JAdoi
10.1097/ICU.0000000000000091subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-09-01 00:00:00pages
374-85issue
5eissn
1040-8738issn
1531-7021journal_volume
25pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To perform a literature review of articles published between 2016 and 2017 to assess recent advances in intraocular lens (IOL) selection. RECENT FINDINGS:A literature review revealed five areas of recent study including advances in biometric technology, formula selection for challenging eyes, accurat...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0000000000000493
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To review recent studies on potential neurodevelopmental impacts on the pediatric population through general anesthesia events or intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection. RECENT FINDINGS:Studies on this topic have been extensive with varied reported neurodevelopmental ou...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0000000000000598
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This review summarizes factors for progression in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT), including the effect of treatment. EMGT randomized patients with early glaucoma either to argon laser trabeculoplasty plus betaxolol (n = 129) or to no immediate treatment (n = 126) and followed them every 3 mo...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-200404000-00008
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Healing of corneal wounds is a complex process involving epithelial, keratocyte, and endothelial interactions that are affected by their associations with wound bed matrix and by cytokine availability and activation. The spectrum of possible cellular-matrix-growth factor interactions is indeed great and growing. Sever...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-199508000-00002
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The successful treatment of canalicular obstructions continues to represent a therapeutic challenge. Conjuctivodacryocystorhinostomy with a Lester Jones bypass tube is the standard treatment in these situations. Although a high rate of anatomic success can be achieved with this procedure, a relatively...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832ec3e0
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To review new developments in the medical and surgical treatment options for benign essential blepharospasm (BEB). RECENT FINDINGS:Botulinum toxin injections remain the mainstay treatment for BEB with several formulations currently commercially available. Reports in the medical literature support pho...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0000000000000500
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article reviews some of the advances that have taken place in the surgical techniques for difficult cataracts such as rock-hard, white, and posterior polar cataracts. Fashioning a central space, modified chopping maneuvers, and creation of multiple small fragments have enabled the surgeon to consistently achieve ...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-199902000-00009
更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS) is a surgical complication resulting from a noninfectious inflammatory reaction to substances used during intraocular ophthalmic surgery. Continuous reporting of new information concerning risk factors and possible causes is critical for preventing this condition...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0000000000000540
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Clonidine hydrochloride, apraclonidine hydrochloride, and brimonidine tartrate constitute the three topical alpha agonists that are used in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure. All the alpha agonists have prejunctional (alpha 2) as well as postjunctional (alpha 1) effects. Within the past year, questions ha...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-199804000-00006
更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the past year, many papers described new surgical approaches to correct extraocular muscles paralysis. New advances have been made in the knowledge of ptosis and superior oblique muscle myochymia. Moreover, the author reports sensory problems concerning subjective cyclorotation and binocularity that arise with ...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-200110000-00008
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The phaco machine is frequently overlooked as the crucial surgical instrument it is. Understanding how to set parameters is initiated by understanding fundamental concepts of machine function. RECENT FINDINGS:This study analyses the critical concepts of partial occlusion phaco, occlusion phaco and pu...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0b013e32835b0770
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The purpose of this review is to examine current trends in vision screening for children. RECENT FINDINGS:Literature within the past year regarding children's vision screening has been dominated by clinical validation studies of autorefractors or photoscreeners that allow the detection of amblyogenic...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/01.icu.0000136112.48664.62
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcleral suturing of posterior chamber intraocular lenses (IOLs) was developed to extend the benefits of IOL visual rehabilitation to eyes lacking capsular support and to avoid the complications of closed loop interior chamber IOLs. Although most frequently implanted after complicated cataract surgery or penetratin...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-200106000-00013
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:We aim to give a systematic approach on how to assess the cause of a patient's abnormal head posture (AHP). RECENT FINDINGS:Over the decades, many important clinical observers and teachers have described diagnostic techniques for patients with AHP. Recently, Wong has added a new set of office-based d...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283644f17
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Chemodenervation has evolved greatly over the past 30 years since botulinum toxin was first introduced as a therapeutic injection for managing strabismus. RECENT FINDINGS:Botulinum toxins are now accepted as a first-line treatment for patients suffering from spasms secondary to facial dystonias. Thes...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-200310000-00003
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:There is a suggestion of increased risk or progression of age-related macular degeneration after cataract surgery, which is related to the increased exposure of the retina to short-wavelength light. RECENT FINDINGS:Cell culture and animal work has described retinal and retinal pigment epithelium phot...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0b013e3280112a0f
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The most important recent advance in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the development of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapeutic agents that preserve and improve visual acuity by arresting choroidal neovascular growth and reducing vascular p...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832d25b3
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Removal of the eye may be necessary after severe ocular trauma, to control pain in a blind eye, to treat some intraocular malignancies, in endophthalmitis unresponsive to medical therapy, and for cosmetic improvement of a disfigured eye. The choice of procedure to accomplish this is best made by an informed patient. E...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-200210000-00002
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Improvements in the management of strabismus are largely dependent on making the specific diagnosis and differentiating patterns of strabismus. This finding is especially true in the management of superior oblique paresis because there are various types. Recent observation suggests that superior oblique paresis may ...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-199310000-00004
更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Performing flawless cosmetic blepharoplasty surgery requires attention to many details. A proper medical work-up with establishment of patient rapport and preoperative photographic documentation should begin the evaluation. The surgical correction of concomittant brow position abnormalities should be considered. Res...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-199110000-00013
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:A process is ongoing to produce a definition of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) using quantitative, objective data from structural and functional tests. At present, a common practice is to define GON by subjective features said to be 'characteristic' as judged by those experienced in glaucoma care...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0000000000000644
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cystoid macular edema (CME) remains a troublesome problem after cataract surgery and other types of ocular surgical procedures. It is recognized as the most frequent cause of decreased vision in patients following cataract surgery. Although the disease was first described more than 40 years ago, its cause is unclear, ...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-200002000-00010
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early and late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a high prevalence in elderly patients but may be differentiated by medical or environmental factors, eg, hypertension, geographic area, or antioxidant agents. Because nuclear sclerotic cataract is associated with AMD both aging changes may share a common patho...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-199506000-00009
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This review provides an update of recent advances in understanding the quality and functional significance of contrast sensitivity for the clinician regarding cataract, intraocular lenses and refractive surgery that goes beyond the measurement of visual acuity. RECENT FINDINGS:New American National S...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/01.icu.0000192520.48411.fa
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Cataracts are a significant cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. The present article reviews the literature and describes the current extent of cataracts globally, barriers to treatment, and recommendations for improving the treatment of cataracts. RECENT FINDINGS:Prevalence and absolu...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0000000000000340
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Advances in the design of intraocular lenses give options to patients for some return to the optical accommodation needed to focus on objects at different distances. Technology is only improving these options for presbyopic-correcting intraocular lenses. Surgeons must consider the possible neuroadapta...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0b013e3282f31758
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To report on the accumulating peer-reviewed data of phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation in the pediatric population. I evaluate and compare the published peer-reviewed articles for the reported efficacy and complications of phakic intraocular lens implantations in children for correction of cl...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0b013e32833a9a9f
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:There have been many reports in recent literature concerning the use of scanning laser polarimetry, Heidelberg retinal tomography and optical coherence topography in assessing the optic nerve and peripapillary nerve fibre layer. It is important to assess the validity of new equipment and see whether t...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283112bc8
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Although researchers continue to investigate the multifarious etiologic, anatomical, physiological, and pathological factors of dry eye, successful treatment remains a challenge. RECENT FINDINGS:Dry eye prevalence is substantial across populations and the term 'dry eye' is used to describe numerous c...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832b7578
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Whereas intraocular pressure is considered a major risk factor in glaucoma, growing evidence now indicates that ocular ischemia plays a major role too. By virtue of this and because many existing medications are able to interact with vasculature, altering ocular blood flow, it is essential that current and future medi...
journal_title：Current opinion in ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00055735-200104000-00009
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
