Digenic inheritance of an SMCHD1 mutation and an FSHD-permissive D4Z4 allele causes facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 2.

Abstract:

:Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is characterized by chromatin relaxation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite array on chromosome 4 and expression of the D4Z4-encoded DUX4 gene in skeletal muscle. The more common form, autosomal dominant FSHD1, is caused by contraction of the D4Z4 array, whereas the genetic determinants and inheritance of D4Z4 array contraction-independent FSHD2 are unclear. Here, we show that mutations in SMCHD1 (encoding structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1) on chromosome 18 reduce SMCHD1 protein levels and segregate with genome-wide D4Z4 CpG hypomethylation in human kindreds. FSHD2 occurs in individuals who inherited both the SMCHD1 mutation and a normal-sized D4Z4 array on a chromosome 4 haplotype permissive for DUX4 expression. Reducing SMCHD1 levels in skeletal muscle results in D4Z4 contraction-independent DUX4 expression. Our study identifies SMCHD1 as an epigenetic modifier of the D4Z4 metastable epiallele and as a causal genetic determinant of FSHD2 and possibly other human diseases subject to epigenetic regulation.

journal_name

Nat Genet

journal_title

Nature genetics

authors

Lemmers RJ,Tawil R,Petek LM,Balog J,Block GJ,Santen GW,Amell AM,van der Vliet PJ,Almomani R,Straasheijm KR,Krom YD,Klooster R,Sun Y,den Dunnen JT,Helmer Q,Donlin-Smith CM,Padberg GW,van Engelen BG,de Greef JC,Aartsm

doi

10.1038/ng.2454

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2012-12-01 00:00:00

pages

1370-4

issue

12

eissn

1061-4036

issn

1546-1718

pii

ng.2454

journal_volume

44

pub_type

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