Abstract：
:The neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an important role in the control of reproductive functions. Vertebrates possess multiple GnRH isoforms that are classified into three main groups, namely GnRH1, GnRH2 and GnRH3. In the present study, we show that the chromosomal organization of the three GnRH loci is very well conserved among gnathostome species. We analyzed genes belonging to several other multigenic families that are present in the vicinity of GnRH genes. Five of them were seen to occur in four chromosomal regions that clearly form a paralogon. Moreover, we show that the homologous regions in the amphioxus genome are present on a single locus. Taken together, these observations indicate that GnRH1, GnRH2 and GnRH3 genes represent three paralogous genes that resulted from the two rounds of tetraploidization that took place early in vertebrate evolution. They confirm that the GnRH3 gene which is currently known only in teleost has most likely been lost in the tetrapod lineage. Finally, they suggest the existence of a fourth GnRH gene, named GnRH4. Whether the GnRH4 gene still exists in extant vertebrates is currently unknown. A search for this putative gene would be particularly useful in basal groups such as agnathans and cartilaginous fish.
journal_name
Gen Comp Endocrinoljournal_title
General and comparative endocrinologyauthors
Tostivint Hdoi
10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.11.017subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-02-01 00:00:00pages
575-81issue
3eissn
0016-6480issn
1095-6840pii
S0016-6480(10)00406-5journal_volume
170pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Extrapituitary expression of the growth hormone (GH) gene has been reported for the immune system of various vertebrates. In the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), GH mRNA could be detected in several lymphoid organs and leucocytes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To understand the contro...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.01.008
更新日期：2005-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The developmental expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) and its splice variants was examined in the gonads of tammar wallaby pouch young in order to elucidate the functional role of GnRH-R in the developing testis and ovary. Wallaby GnRH-R, like eutherian GnRH-Rs, contains three exons and two ...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0016-6480(03)00146-1
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adiponectin is a novel adipocyte-derived hormone with low circulating concentrations and/or mRNA expression in obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The adiponectin mRNA of several Carnivora species was sequenced to enable further gene expression studies in this clade with potential experimental speci...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.05.010
更新日期：2010-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The activity of the enzyme steroid 5 alpha-reductase in Harderian glands of adult syrian hamsters was assessed by measuring the conversion of testosterone (T) to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The optimal conditions for this reaction were determined in vitro using whole gland homogenates and [3H]testosterone as su...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/gcen.1994.1185
更新日期：1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The rate-limiting and regulated step in steroidogenesis, the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, is facilitated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc). We have isolated cDNAs encoding StAR and P450scc from the Atlantic stingray, Dasyati...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.04.018
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To clarify the physiological roles of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) on body fluid regulation in amphibians, we measured plasma concentrations of aldosterone (ALDO), angiotensin II (ANG II), and AVT after various osmotic challenges in the marine toad, Bufo marinus (Bufonid...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.10.005
更新日期：2005-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Metabolic pathways of estradiol-17 beta and other vertebrate steroid hormones of cultured silkworm pupal ovaries were examined using 14C-labeled steroids. The isolated ovaries showed significant uptake and metabolic activity of the 14C-labeled estradiol-17 beta added to the medium. Analysis of the metabolized compound...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0016-6480(86)90225-x
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three distinct thyroid hormone receptor (TR) cDNAs (gTRalphaA, gTRalphaB and gTRbeta) were cloned and sequenced in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The cDNA of gTRalphaA consisted of 1555-bp and encoded a putative protein of 416 amino acids, while the cDNA of gTRalphaB consisted of 1459-bp and encoded 39...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.08.015
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was designed to examine the relationship among ovulation rate, inhibin alpha-subunit gene expression, and plasma immunoreactive inhibin levels between hens laying at a high ovulation rate and hens laying at a low ovulation rate. A porcine inhibin alpha-subunit cDNA was used to examine the expression of inhi...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/gcen.1993.1103
更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While the role of corticosterone in mediating the response of birds to acute stress is well established, it has recently been proposed that a decrease in prolactin levels following stress may complement corticosterone in redirecting resources away from breeding activities and towards behaviors promoting immediate surv...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.03.011
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The widely accepted paradigm that epoxidized methyl farnesoates ("juvenile hormones," JHs) are the principal sesquiterpenoid hormones regulating insect metamorphosis was assessed in Drosophila melanogaster. GC-MS analysis of circulating methyl farnesoids during the mid to late 3rd instar showed that methyl farnesoate ...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.11.009
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Plasma levels of corticosterone and aldosterone were determined by radioimmunoassay in ducks consuming diets containing different concentrations of sodium and potassium. Compared with control diet birds, maintenance on a high-Na+ diet for 5 days caused a 2-fold increase in the basal plasma corticosterone concentration...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0016-6480(85)90131-5
更新日期：1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of fasting and feeding on the brain expression of orexin (OX), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), peptide Y (PY) and cholecystokinin (CCK) were examined in the blind cavefish Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus. A 10-days fasting period induced increases in both OX and TH brain mRNA expression but had no effect on PYY an...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.12.011
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reproduction of many temperate fishes is seasonal and maturation and spawning of gametes are under photothermal control. Reproductive success of first generation (G1) common sole Solea solea in captivity has been low. In this study, the sexual maturation status has been assessed during the prespawning months in G1 sol...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.004
更新日期：2015-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A significant reduction in stress-induced plasma cortisol levels is apparent in mature male rainbow trout compared to immature fish of both sexes and of the same age and strain. Mean plasma cortisol levels in groups of immature fish subjected to a standard 1-hr confinement stress were consistently higher (range 93.9 +...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/gcen.1995.1073
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Somatolactin (SL) and SL receptor (SLR) belong to the growth hormone and cytokine type I receptor superfamilies, respectively. However, further research is required to define the duplications and functions of SL and its receptors in basal vertebrates including environmental background color adaptation in fish. In the ...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.023
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In songbirds, neurons that regulate learned song behavior undergo extensive seasonal plasticity in their number and size in relation to the bird's reproductive status. Seasonal plasticity of these brain regions is primarily regulated by changes in circulating concentrations of testosterone. Androgen receptors are pres...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.08.001
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytochalasin B (CB) and the more specific cytochalasin D (CD), disruptors of microfilament polymerization, and colchicine, an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, were studied for their effects on cAMP and steroid production in granulosa cells of domestic fowl. Each agent was incubated with freshly dispersed cells...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0016-6480(91)90310-3
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of stress in the decline of Steller sea lions has become of interest in the identification of factors leading to their drastic decline and subsequent failure to recover. Serum cortisol was validated as a potential indicator of stress in three sub-populations inhabiting the majority of the Steller sea lions ra...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.06.006
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of starvation and feeding on the release of bombyxin, a peptide of insulin superfamily in insects, from the larval brain of the silkworm Bombyx mori were investigated. Following starvation, the bombyxin titer in the hemolymph of larvae decreased, whereas its content in the brain increased. On the other han...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/gcen.1999.7438
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The distribution and identity of the various endocrine cell types were examined in the pancreas, stomach, and anterior intestine of the phylogenetically ancient actinopterygian, the gar (Lepisosteus osseus L.), using immunohistochemistry. Antisera used were directed against several insulins (INSs) and somatostatins (S...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/gcen.1996.6842
更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Molecular cloning of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors (TRHR) was performed in a teleost, the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Four different TRHR cDNAs were cloned and named TRHR1, TRHR2a, TRHR2b and TRHR3 based on their similarity to known TRHR subtypes in vertebrates. Important residues for TRH binding we...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.07.011
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Maintaining energy balance and reproducing are important for fitness, yet animals have evolved mechanisms by which the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/HPI) axis can shut these activities off. While HPA/HPI axis inhibition of feeding and reproduction may have evolved as a predator defense, to date there ...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.006
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using purified thyroglobulin (TG) of Rana catesbeiana and its antisera, a specific double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed. Serum TG content was measured in tadpoles, froglets, and adult frogs by RIA. Serum TG increased during pre- and prometamorphosis and reached a peak of 476.9 +/- 29.1 ng/ml at the cli...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/gcen.1994.1061
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reverse-phase HPLC employing five different solvent systems was used to determine the 125I-labeled products formed in rainbow trout by in vitro incubation at 12 degrees of the hepatic microsome fraction with L-thyroxine (T4) labeled with 125I in the outer phenyl ring. Trout were starved for 2 weeks or fed a 2% ration....
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0016-6480(92)90081-t
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ecdysteroid production by the prothoracic glands of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta was found to be under feedback control by the ecdysteroids in hemolymph using both culture in vivo in diapausing pupae lacking the brain-corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex and the prothoracic glands and culture in vitro. Proth...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0016-6480(89)90072-5
更新日期：1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prolactin (PRL) plays central roles in a wide range of body functions in mammals, and the actions are mediated by the specific cell surface receptor, the prolactin receptor (PRLR). To better understand the role of PRL in the yak (Bos grunniens), in the present study, we first cloned yak PRLR cDNA, and compared its mRN...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.004
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Testicular maturation of underyearling precocious male masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) is affected by photoperiod. It is accelerated by a short photoperiod (light-dark cycles of 8:16 h; LD 8:16) and delayed by a long photoperiod (LD 16:8). Circulating melatonin levels are high during the night and low during the day:...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/gcen.2000.7547
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endothelin (ET)-1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 were respectively found to regulate energy metabolism and hormone signaling in fat cells. Although ET-1 can also regulate the expression of SOCS-3-stimulating hormones, it is still unknown whether ET-1 regulates SOCS-3 gene expression. This study investig...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.06.024
更新日期：2012-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Although neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been known to influence the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland of teleosts, the NPY receptor subtypes involved in the regulatory processes have not been fully defined. An attempt has been made to study the involvement of NPY Y1 recepto...
journal_title：General and comparative endocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.05.012
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
