Abstract:
:The use of profiling by ethnicity or nationality to trigger secondary security screening is a controversial social and political issue. Overlooked is the question of whether such actuarial methods are in fact mathematically justified, even under the most idealized assumptions of completely accurate prior probabilities, and secondary screenings concentrated on the highest-probability individuals. We show here that strong profiling (defined as screening at least in proportion to prior probability) is no more efficient than uniform random sampling of the entire population, because resources are wasted on the repeated screening of higher probability, but innocent, individuals. A mathematically optimal strategy would be "square-root biased sampling," the geometric mean between strong profiling and uniform sampling, with secondary screenings distributed broadly, although not uniformly, over the population. Square-root biased sampling is a general idea that can be applied whenever a "bell-ringer" event must be found by sampling with replacement, but can be recognized (either with certainty, or with some probability) when seen.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Press WHdoi
10.1073/pnas.0813202106subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-02-10 00:00:00pages
1716-9issue
6eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
0813202106journal_volume
106pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Many native proteins occasionally form partially unfolded forms (PUFs), which can be detected by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and NMR spectroscopy. Knowledge about these metastable states is required to better understand the onset of folding-related diseases. So far, not much is known about where PUFs reside within the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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abstract::Hitherto it has not been possible to obtain spore and stalk cell differentiation of the cellular slime molds in submerged cultures. It is shown here that cells, when placed in roller tubes under an atmosphere of oxygen, will form clumps and differentiate in 48-72 hr into mature spores and stalk cells. Although differe...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
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更新日期:2004-09-28 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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abstract::Although melanomas with mutant v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) can now be effectively targeted, there is no molecular target for most melanomas expressing wild-type BRAF. Here, we show that the activation of Pleckstrin homology domain-interacting protein (PHIP), promotes melanoma metastasis, can ...
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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