Abstract:
:A statistical analysis combines data with assumptions to yield a quantitative result that is a function of both. One goal of an epidemiological analysis, then, should be to combine data with good assumptions. Unfortunately, a typical quantitative epidemiological analysis combines data with an assumption for which there is neither theoretical nor empirical justification. The assumption is that study imperfections (eg residual confounding, subject losses, non-random subject sampling, subject non-response, exclusions because of missing data, measurement error, incorrect statistical assumptions) have no important impact on study results. The author explains how a typical epidemiological analysis implicitly makes this assumption. It is then shown how in a quantitative analysis the assumption can be replaced with a better one. A simple, everyday example to illustrate the fundamental concepts is used to begin with. The relationship between an observed relative risk, the true causal relative risk and error terms that describe the impact of study imperfections on study results is described mathematically. This mathematical description can be used to quantitatively adjust a relative-risk estimate for the combined effect of study imperfections.
journal_name
J Epidemiol Community Healthjournal_title
Journal of epidemiology and community healthauthors
Maldonado Gdoi
10.1136/jech.2007.063909subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-07-01 00:00:00pages
655-63issue
7eissn
0143-005Xissn
1470-2738pii
62/7/655journal_volume
62pub_type
杂志文章abstract:OBJECTIVES:To measure the effects of the civil unrest (the Troubles) on the mental health of the general population of Northern Ireland. DESIGN:A secondary analysis of a nationally representative population survey conducted in 1997. SETTING:Northern Ireland. METHODS:This is an analysis of the 1694 respondents (aged ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.57.7.488
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The extent to which patients undergoing elective surgery for orthopaedic disorders were incapacitated for work while they were on the waiting list and whether they were able to return to work after surgery were studied. DESIGN:This was a prospective cohort study of patients admitted to hospital for ele...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.47.5.388
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prompted by my participation in the People's Climate March held in New York City on 21 September 2014, as part of the 'Harvard Divest' contingent, in this brief essay I reflect on the late 20th century development of--and debates over--the necessity of ecological thinking in epidemiology, and also the still limited en...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2014-205027
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Many youth deaths occur in the first year of life, from prematurity and anomalies. Detailing mortality after age 1 year may differentially guide preventive strategies in children, adolescents and young adults. METHODS:A cohort study in Ontario, Canada comprised 3 139 698 children born from 1990 to 2016. Adj...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2019-213365
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:Understanding causes of variation in birth weight has been limited by lack of sufficient sets of data that include paternal birth weight. The objective was to estimate risks of low birth weight dependent on parental birth weights and to estimate father-mother-offspring correlations for birth weight to e...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.55.12.873
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To study municipal variations in children's injury risk and to assess the impact of safety promotion measures in general municipal, preschool, school, and leisure activity settings, on injury outcome. DESIGN:A cohort study based on individual data on children's consumption of hospital care as a result ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/jech.57.9.724
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Financial strain is associated with earlier disability and mortality, but causal links are underexplored, partly because it is unethical to randomise people to financial stress. This study leverages naturally occurring random variation in days since monthly Social Security payment arrival among older adults ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2020-213807
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The aim was to compare the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) notification system for congenital malformation surveillance and the Liverpool Congenital Malformations Registry (LCMR) with respect to efficiency and uniformity of ascertainment, diagnostic accuracy, and overreporting of minor ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.45.4.294
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVES:To assess the extent to which poorer self assessed health in men in whom an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is detected at screening is a consequence or a predictor of screening outcome. DESIGN:Prospective study. SETTING:Community based screening. PARTICIPANTS:23 654 men who attended for AAA screeni...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/jech.2003.019307
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVES:Sociodemographic differentials in cancer survival have occasionally been studied by using a relative survival approach, where all cause mortality among persons with a cancer diagnosis is compared with that among similar persons without such a diagnosis ("normal" mortality). One should ideally take into...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.56.4.309
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this paper is to synthesise findings on the salutogenic concept, sense of coherence (SOC), and its correlation with quality of life (QoL). This study is descriptive and analytic, with a systematic integration of the contemporary knowledge base on the salutogenic research published in 1992-2003. This review ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jech.2006.056028
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:While many epidemiological studies have shown that low outdoor temperatures are associated with increased rates of hospitalisation and mortality (especially for respiratory or cardiovascular disease), very few studies have looked at the association between indoor temperatures and health. Such studies are c...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/jech-2013-202632
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The aim of this study was to quantify mortality after elective repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in England, and to compare English case fatality rates (CFRs) with those reported in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS:English Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) for the financial years 1998/9 to 200...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jech.2006.047001
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Immigrants are sometimes found to have better health than locally born populations. We examined the mortality experience of South Asian origin and white European origin individuals living in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. METHODS:A linked 17-21 year mortality follow-up of a cross-sectional study of European (n=82...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209348
更新日期:2017-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::This article examines the main trends in the history of publicly organised school meals in Norway, while casting comparative glances at Britain. First, it argues that the status of school meals today is strongly influenced by three intertwined strains of past tradition: poor relief, universal welfare and the ideal of ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2006.048132
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The aim was to audit, against agreed standards, the control of bacterial meningitis, in particular completeness of notification and appropriateness of distribution of chemoprophylaxis to contacts; and to implement appropriate changes and monitor their impact. DESIGN:The first phase involved determinati...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.46.4.329
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fertility and contraceptive practice were examined by interview with parents of 100 Down's syndrome patients. Before the birth of the affected child, fertility was low by comparison with that in married women in the general population, and to this the socioeconomic class bias in the sample is thought to be contributor...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.40.2.154
更新日期:1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:This study examined the prevalence of body dissatisfaction as a function of individual level and neighbourhood level indicators of affluence. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING:A subset of data from a larger random digit dialling telephone survey was used to obtain individual level data on body dissatisfaction, ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.56.3.193
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:To examine the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and risk of frailty, and to assess whether behavioural and clinical factors (BCF) mediate this association. METHODS:Cohort of 1857 non-institutionalised individuals aged ≥ 60 years recruited in 2008-2010 and followed through 2012. Education, occu...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206406
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Age-specific death from cardiovascular disease among Australian Aboriginals is estimated to be four to seven times that of general population, and the major cause of premature death. There is little reliable information on the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). This study compares CHD event rates in ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2009.098343
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effect of growth during infancy and childhood on blood pressure in adolescence. DESIGN:Birth cohort study. SETTING:Pelotas, southern Brazil. PARTICIPANTS:749 adolescents with complete information on birth weight and gestational age, as well as on anthropometric data at all three follow up vis...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.57.3.226
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The aims of this study are to generalise the concept of gap length between partners and to estimate the duration of four types of measures for heterosexual partnerships, called status lengths: (1) time spent as single before becoming monogamous (S-M, positive gap), (2) duration of concurrency before monogamy...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2008.085936
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is not a point of debate that the Stockholm Convention for the prevention of further accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) should be ratified and implemented by all countries. However, in their article, Schafer and Kegley present an unbalanced "worst case scenario". Approximately 20% of the food supp...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.56.11.824
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental pollutants and nutrients may be present in the same foodstuffs or dietary patterns; share internal mechanisms of transport, metabolism and cellular uptake; or target the same molecular signalling pathways and biological functions. Lipophilic pollutants and nutrients, like dioxins and polyunsaturated fatt...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2020-213789
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To report on the development of computer assisted methods for linking medical records and record abstracts. DESIGN:The methods include file blocking, to put records in an order which makes searching efficient; matching, which is the process of comparing records to determine whether they do or do not relate ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.47.4.316
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the degree to which the proportion of homicides and suicides committed with a gun is associated with reported availability of firearms across Chicago neighbourhoods. METHODS:Data were collected as part of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), a combined neighbourhood ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2005.039149
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Depression is an important contributor to the global burden of disease. Besides several known individual-level factors that contribute to depression, there is a growing recognition that neighbourhood environment can also profoundly affect mental health. This study assessed associations between three neighbou...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209453
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been claimed that unemployment affects the health and thus the mortality of the unemployed, their families, and other members of their communities. This paper examines the relation between mortality and the unemployment experiences of small areas which vary in the extent to which their unemployment levels have ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.41.2.107
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a smoke free programme implemented at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, in 1996. This programme included a prohibition to smoke in university buildings everywhere except in limited areas, and a smoking cessation counselling service. METHODS:Surve...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.53.11.710
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To evaluate whether coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is equally provided among different socioeconomic status (SES) groups in accordance with need. To estimate the association between SES and mortality occurring 30 days after CABG surgery. DESIGN:Individual socioeconomic index assigned with respe...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/jech.54.12.930
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00