Abstract：
:Extraocular muscle represents a distinctive class among mammalian skeletal musculature in exhibiting the full range of muscle fiber type variability found in vertebrate species. To better understand the basis for the unique structural/functional diversity of extraocular muscle, the ontogeny of lateral rectus muscles was studied in Macaca nemestrina fetuses of 62-156 days gestation using light and electron microscopy. At E62, myotubes and myofibers are evident, but fiber-type differentiation has not yet occurred and neuromuscular junctions are primitive. By E92, presumptive singly and multiply innervated fiber types could be distinguished on the basis of myofibril delineation. Like other skeletal muscles, extraocular myogenesis proceeds through at least two generations of myofibers. All primary and secondary myofibers were generated and were maturing by E121. The phylogenetically "old" global multiply innervated fiber type was the first to attain adult form. This was followed by maturation of global layer singly innervated fiber types, which are developed by E156, except for attainment of definitive size and mitochondrial content. Orbital layer fiber types, particularly the orbital singly innervated fiber, are the last to mature. Neuromuscular junction maturation paralleled the changes observed during fiber-type differentiation. In summary, the sequential development of their constituent muscle fiber types may reflect the functional pressures the extraocular muscles are exposed to by maturing visual and visuomotor systems. In particular, ontogenic and phylogenic changes observed in the orbital singly innervated fiber type may have direct implications for the types, range, and precision of eye movements used by different species and at different gestational ages.
journal_name
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Scijournal_title
Investigative ophthalmology & visual scienceauthors
Porter JD,Baker RSkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-03-01 00:00:00pages
657-70issue
3eissn
0146-0404issn
1552-5783journal_volume
33pub_type
杂志文章abstract：PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) and/or its active metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), can enhance corneal epithelial barrier function. The authors also determined if corneas contain mRNA for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1α-hydroxy...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.11-7605
更新日期：2011-09-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Stiles-Crawford functions were obtained from the maculas of 22 patients with different genetic types of retinitis pigmentosa and visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Reduced cone directional sensitivity was seen in the fovea with both focal cone electroretinographic testing and psychophysical testing. Functions from the ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1982-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The iron carrier transferrin is expressed at remarkably high levels in normal retinas and is upregulated during retinal degeneration. The authors characterized the consequences of genetically reduced retinal transferrin production on retinal structure and function. METHODS:Hypotransferrinemic (HPX⁻/⁻) mice tre...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.11-7436
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abstract：PURPOSE:One of the critical difficulties in design of a high-resolution retinal implant is the proximity of stimulating electrodes to the target cells. This is a report of a phenomenon of retinal cellular migration into a perforated membrane that may help to address this problem. METHODS:Mylar membranes with an array ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：PURPOSE:To explore changes in corneal sensitivity that develop in patients with dry eye and the relationship between sensibility and severity of the dry eye disease. METHODS:Experiments were performed in 44 patients with dry eye and 42 healthy individuals. Corneal sensitivity was measured with the Belmonte noncontact ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：10.1167/iovs.04-1426
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:We tested the hypothesis that retinal blood flow has a postocclusive reactive hyperemia response modulated by occlusion duration and metabolic activity, and that choroidal blood flow does not. METHODS:Anesthetized and paralyzed rats (n = 34) were studied. Retinal and choroidal blood flow was measured by laser ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：10.1167/iovs.13-12404
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.62.1.31
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
更新日期：1985-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
更新日期：1992-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.05-1489
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
