The evolution of altruistic punishment.

abstract：:Tropical cyclones have massive economic, social, and ecological impacts, and models of their occurrence influence many planning activities from setting insurance premiums to conservation planning. Most impact models allow for geographically varying cyclone rates but assume that individual storm events occur randomly w...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mumby PJ,Vitolo R,Stephenson DB

更新日期：2011-10-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past years, family 18 chitinases have been validated as potential targets for the design of drugs against human pathogens that contain or interact with chitin during their normal life cycles. Thus far, only one potent chitinase inhibitor has been described in detail, the pseudotrisaccharide allosamidin. Recen...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Houston DR,Shiomi K,Arai N,Omura S,Peter MG,Turberg A,Synstad B,Eijsink VG,van Aalten DM

更新日期：2002-07-09 00:00:00

abstract：:The estrogen receptor (E2R) from rabbit uterus has an enhanced affinity for BrdUrd-substituted DNA compared to unsubstituted DNA. Increasing levels of BrdUrd substitution (from 0 to 100%) in a DNA sample are associated with increasingly tighter binding of E2R to that DNA as measured by equilibrium competition experime...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kallos J,Fasy TM,Hollander VP,Bick MD

更新日期：1978-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The development of cardiac hypertrophy is mediated, in part, by increase in NADPH oxidase activity and myocardial oxidative stress. The Rho GTPase, Rac, regulates NADPH oxidase activity through interaction with gp91(phox) and p67(phox) (in which "phox" is phagocyte oxidase). However, it is not known which Rac isoform ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Satoh M,Ogita H,Takeshita K,Mukai Y,Kwiatkowski DJ,Liao JK

更新日期：2006-05-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Hydrothermal vent ecosystems support diverse life forms, many of which rely on symbiotic associations to perform functions integral to survival in these extreme physicochemical environments. Epsilonproteobacteria, found free-living and in intimate associations with vent invertebrates, are the predominant vent-associat...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Grzymski JJ,Murray AE,Campbell BJ,Kaplarevic M,Gao GR,Lee C,Daniel R,Ghadiri A,Feldman RA,Cary SC

更新日期：2008-11-11 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammalian hair follicle unit consists of a central follicle and a series of associated structures: sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles, Merkel cells, and sensory nerve endings. The architecture of this multicellular structure is highly polarized with respect to the body axes. Previous work has implicated Frizz...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chang H,Nathans J

更新日期：2013-03-05 00:00:00

abstract：:With decreasing temperature, liquids generally freeze into a solid state, losing entropy in the process. However, exceptions to this trend exist, such as quantum liquids, which may remain unfrozen down to absolute zero owing to strong quantum entanglement effects that stabilize a disordered state with zero entropy. Ex...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Katayama N,Kimura K,Han Y,Nasu J,Drichko N,Nakanishi Y,Halim M,Ishiguro Y,Satake R,Nishibori E,Yoshizawa M,Nakano T,Nozue Y,Wakabayashi Y,Ishihara S,Hagiwara M,Sawa H,Nakatsuji S

更新日期：2015-07-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin 2 (IL-2) plays a critical role in the growth and differentiation of lymphoid cells. The IL-2 signal is delivered intracellularly by the IL-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2R beta); however, the mechanism by which the signal reaches the nucleus remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate the rapid activation o...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hatakeyama M,Kawahara A,Mori H,Shibuya H,Taniguchi T

更新日期：1992-03-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Decomposition is a critical source of plant nutrients, and drives the largest flux of terrestrial C to the atmosphere. Decomposing soil organic matter typically contains litter from multiple plant species, yet we lack a mechanistic understanding of how species diversity influences decomposition processes. Here, we sho...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Meier CL,Bowman WD

更新日期：2008-12-16 00:00:00

abstract：:The Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) was examined earlier and found to behave in a very unclock-like manner despite (accepted point mutation, or PAM) corrections for multiple replacements per site. Depending upon the time span involved, rates could differ 5-fold. We have sought to determine whether the data might be c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Fitch WM,Ayala FJ

更新日期：1994-07-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Shiverer (shi) is an autosomal recessive mutation in the mouse characterized by an almost total lack of central nervous system myelin. While small amounts of other myelin components are present in the brain of the shi mouse, the four forms of myelin basic protein (MBP) are not detectable. Previous investigations by us...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Molineaux SM,Engh H,de Ferra F,Hudson L,Lazzarini RA

更新日期：1986-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In Caenorhabditis elegans, the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP)-associated proteins U1A and U2B'' are approximately 50% identical to each other, and neither bears signature characteristics of mammalian U1A or U2B'' or the single Drosophila homolog, SNF. We show here that the genes that encode these proteins (rn...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Saldi T,Wilusz C,MacMorris M,Blumenthal T

更新日期：2007-06-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA mimic that has shown considerable promise as a lead compound for developing gene therapeutic drugs. We report that PNAs targeted to functional and accessible sites in ribosomal RNA can inhibit translation in an Escherichia coli cell-free transcription/translation system, with 50% re...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Good L,Nielsen PE

更新日期：1998-03-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The post-translational proteolytic conversion of somatostatin-14 precursors was studied to characterize the enzyme system responsible for the production of the tetradecapeptide either from its 15-kDa precursor protein or from its COOH-terminal fragment, somatostatin-28. A synthetic undecapeptide Pro-Arg-Glu-Arg-Lys-Al...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gluschankof P,Morel A,Gomez S,Nicolas P,Fahy C,Cohen P

更新日期：1984-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The proteolytic processing of human amyloid precursor protein (APP) into shorter aggregating amyloid β (Aβ)-peptides, e.g., Aβ1-42, is considered a critical step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although APP is a well-known membrane glycoprotein carrying both N- and O-glycans, nothing is known about th...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Halim A,Brinkmalm G,Rüetschi U,Westman-Brinkmalm A,Portelius E,Zetterberg H,Blennow K,Larson G,Nilsson J

更新日期：2011-07-19 00:00:00

abstract：:N-type Ca2+ channels mediate Ca2+ influx, which initiates fast exocytosis of neurotransmitters at synapses, and they interact directly with the SNARE proteins syntaxin and SNAP-25 (synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa) through a synaptic protein interaction (synprint) site in the intracellular loop connecting doma...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sheng ZH,Yokoyama CT,Catterall WA

更新日期：1997-05-13 00:00:00

abstract：:We have recently identified a family of rhesus monkeys with members exhibiting a spontaneous hypercholesterolemia associated with a low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficiency. By using the polymerase chain reaction, we now show that the affected monkeys are heterozygous for a nonsense mutation in exon 6 of the...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hummel M,Li ZG,Pfaffinger D,Neven L,Scanu AM

更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells reproduce by budding to yield a mother cell and a smaller daughter cell. Although both mother and daughter begin G1 simultaneously, the mother cell progresses through G1 more rapidly. Daughter cell G1 delay has long been thought to be due to a requirement for attaining a certain critical...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Laabs TL,Markwardt DD,Slattery MG,Newcomb LL,Stillman DJ,Heideman W

更新日期：2003-09-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The human retinoic acid receptor (hRAR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates the transcription of target genes in a ligand-dependent manner. The three hRAR isotypes are targets for retinoids that are used in the treatment of various diseases, including breast cancer and skin diseases. Drug ef...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Klaholz BP,Mitschler A,Belema M,Zusi C,Moras D

更新日期：2000-06-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Enolase genes from land plants and apicomplexa (intracellular parasites, including the malarial parasite, Plasmodium) share two short insertions. This observation has led to the suggestion that the apicomplexan enolase is the product of a lateral transfer event involving the algal endosymbiont from which the apicomple...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Keeling PJ,Palmer JD

更新日期：2001-09-11 00:00:00

abstract：:A mutant of E. coli defective in DNA polymerase II activity was isolated. Extracts had about 0.1% of the normal activity of the DNA polymerase. The effect of the mutation on the ability of cells to replicate DNA of various sources was analyzed. Mutant bacteria grow normally, at 41 degrees as well as at 30 degrees . Al...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hirota Y,Gefter M,Mindich L

更新日期：1972-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Leukosialin (also known as Ly48, CD43, and sialophorin) is a major cell surface sialoglycoprotein found on a variety of hematopoietically derived cells. The precise function of this molecule is poorly understood but it has been implicated in cell proliferation and intercellular adhesion. We developed a transgenic mous...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Dragone LL,Barth RK,Sitar KL,Disbrow GL,Frelinger JG

更新日期：1995-01-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Evolutionary thinking can be applied to both cultural microevolution and macroevolution. However, much of the current literature focuses on cultural microevolution. In this article, we argue that the growing availability of large cross-cultural datasets facilitates the use of computational methods derived from evoluti...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gray RD,Watts J

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:For decades, scientists have debated whether supercooled liquids stop flowing below a glass transition temperature [Formula: see text] or whether motion continues to slow gradually down to zero temperature. Answering this question is challenging because human time scales set a limit on the largest measurable viscosity...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Jadhao V,Robbins MO

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:The detailed molecular dynamics of an actual bond-breaking event in a fluctuating enzyme substrate complex is simulated. The method developed allows one to explore what type of fluctuations are involved in enzymatic reactions and to evaluate entropic contributions to enzyme catalysis. The fluctuations of the enzyme el...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Warshel A

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cambodia, in which both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are endemic, has been the focus of numerous malaria-control interventions, resulting in a marked decline in overall malaria incidence. Despite this decline, the number of P vivax cases has actually increased. To understand better the factors underlying...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Parobek CM,Lin JT,Saunders DL,Barnett EJ,Lon C,Lanteri CA,Balasubramanian S,Brazeau N,DeConti DK,Garba DL,Meshnick SR,Spring MD,Chuor CM,Bailey JA,Juliano JJ

更新日期：2016-12-13 00:00:00

abstract：:A method is described in which the interference of radiated second-harmonic electric fields generated by a pair of oriented molecules intercalated into double-stranded DNA is controlled and measured. The results show that the relative molecular orientation of the two molecules significantly changes the magnitude of th...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Doughty B,Rao Y,Kazer SW,Kwok SJ,Turro NJ,Eisenthal KB

更新日期：2013-04-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Drugs with poor oral bioavailability usually are administered by hypodermic injection, which causes pain, poor patient compliance, the need for trained personnel, and risk of infectious disease transmission. Transdermal (TD) delivery provides an excellent alternative, but the barrier of skin's outer stratum corneum (S...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wermeling DP,Banks SL,Hudson DA,Gill HS,Gupta J,Prausnitz MR,Stinchcomb AL

更新日期：2008-02-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Type beta transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) activity was found in conditioned medium harvested from fetal rat and neonatal mouse calvariae by using the anchorage-independent growth of normal rat kidney fibroblasts as an indicator system. Calvariae incubated with parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and i...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pfeilschifter J,Mundy GR

更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Costimulation is required for optimal T cell activation, yet it is unclear whether poxviruses dedicatedly subvert costimulation during infection. Here, we report that the secreted M2 protein encoded by cowpox virus (CPXV) specifically interacts with human and murine B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86). We also show that M2 co...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wang X,Piersma SJ,Elliott JI,Errico JM,Gainey MD,Yang L,Nelson CA,Yokoyama WM,Fremont DH

更新日期：2019-10-15 00:00:00