Abstract:
:Vibrio fischeri colonizes the squid Euprymna scolopes in a mutualistic symbiosis. Hatchling squid lack these bacterial symbionts, and V. fischeri strains must compete to occupy this privileged niche. We cloned a V. fischeri gene, designated pilA, that contributes to colonization competitiveness and encodes a protein similar to type IV-A pilins. Unlike its closest known relatives, Vibrio cholerae mshA and vcfA, pilA is monocistronic and not clustered with genes associated with pilin export or assembly. Using wild-type strain ES114 as the parent, we generated an in-frame pilA deletion mutant, as well as pilA mutants marked with a kanamycin resistance gene. In mixed inocula, marked mutants were repeatedly outcompeted by ES114 (P < 0.05) but not by an unmarked pilA mutant, for squid colonization. In contrast, the ratio of mutant to ES114 CFUs did not change during 70 generations of coculturing. The competitive defect of pilA mutants ranged from 1.7- to 10-fold and was more pronounced when inocula were within the range estimated for V. fischeri populations in Hawaiian seawater (200 to 2,000 cells/ml) than when higher densities were used. ES114 also outcompeted a pilA mutant by an average of twofold at lower inoculum densities, when only a fraction of the squid became infected, most by only one strain. V. fischeri strain ET101, which was isolated from Euprymna tasmanica and is outcompeted by ES114, lacks pilA; however, 11 other diverse V. fischeri isolates apparently possess pilA. The competitive defect of pilA mutants suggests that cell surface molecules may play important roles in the initiation of beneficial symbioses in which animals must acquire symbionts from a mixed community of environmental bacteria.
journal_name
Appl Environ Microbioljournal_title
Applied and environmental microbiologyauthors
Stabb EV,Ruby EGdoi
10.1128/aem.69.2.820-826.2003keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-02-01 00:00:00pages
820-6issue
2eissn
0099-2240issn
1098-5336journal_volume
69pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Previously, we successfully cloned a d-cycloserine (d-CS) biosynthetic gene cluster consisting of 10 open reading frames (designated dcsA to dcsJ) from d-CS-producing Streptomyces lavendulae ATCC 11924. In this study, we put four d-CS biosynthetic genes (dcsC, dcsD, dcsE, and dcsG) in tandem under the control of the T...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02187-15
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mercury is a redox-active heavy metal that reacts with active thiols and depletes cellular antioxidants. Active resistance to the mercuric ion is a widely distributed trait among bacteria and results from the action of mercuric reductase (MerA). Protein phylogenetic analysis of MerA in bacteria indicated the occurrenc...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.71.12.8836-8845.2005
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The diversity of the predominant bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract was studied by using 16S rRNA-based approaches. PCR amplicons of the V6 to V8 regions of fecal 16S rRNA and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were analyzed by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). TGGE of fecal 16S rDNA amplicons from 16 indiv...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.64.10.3854-3859.1998
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The frequency of Escherichia coli infection has lead to concerns over pathogenic bacteria in our food supply and a demand for therapeutics. Glycolipids on gut cells serve as receptors for the Shiga-like toxin produced by E. coli. Oligosaccharide moiety analogues of these glycolipids can compete with receptors for the ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.69.4.2110-2115.2003
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study evaluated the influence of parameters relevant for cheese making on histamine formation by Streptococcus thermophilus. Strains possessing a histidine decarboxylase (hdcA) gene represented 6% of the dairy isolates screened. The most histaminogenic, S. thermophilus PRI60, exhibited in skim milk a high basal l...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02531-10
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Kinetic parameters and the role of cytochrome c(3) in sulfate, Fe(III), and U(VI) reduction were investigated in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. While sulfate reduction followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (K(m) = 220 micro M), loss of Fe(III) and U(VI) was first-order at all concentrations tested. Initial reducti...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.70.1.413-420.2004
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The metabolic conversion of 5-methylfurfural and 2-methylfurfural to furfural by a methanogenic bacterium, Methanococcus sp. strain B, was studied. This bacterium was found to use methylfurfural compounds as a growth substrate and to convert them stoichiometrically to furfural. For every mole of methylfurfurals metabo...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.9.3483-3485.1996
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The growth kinetics of Flavobacterium sp. strain S12 specialized in the utilization of glycerol, and a number of oligo- and polysaccharides were determined in batch-culture experiments at 15 degrees C in pasteurized tap water supplied with very low amounts of substrates. Kss for the growth on maltotriose, maltotetraos...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.49.4.765-771.1985
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ergosterol, a fungus-specific sterol enriched in cell plasma membranes, is an effective antifungal drug target. However, current knowledge of the ergosterol biosynthesis process in the saprophytic human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus remains limited. In this study, we found that two endoplasmic reticulum-locali...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02924-16
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A system of tangential-flow filtration was evaluated for use in the detection of Giardia cysts in drinking water. This method was more sensitive in recovering cysts than a frequently used wound-orlon system of through-filtration. ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.52.2.400-402.1986
更新日期:1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laccases couple the oxidation of phenolic compounds to the reduction of molecular oxygen and thus span a wide variety of applications. While laccases of eukaryotes and bacteria are well characterized, these enzymes have not been described in archaea. Here, we report the purification and characterization of a laccase (...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01757-09
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glycerol fermentation by Enterobacter agglomerans revealed that both growth and 1,3-propanediol production ceased after consumption of about 430 mM glycerol, irrespective of the initial glycerol content. This phenomenon was assigned to the production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, which was identified by proton nuclear ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.4.1448-1451.1996
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thiobacillus ferrooxidans AP19-3 oxidized molybdenum blue (Mo) enzymatically. Molybdenum oxidase in the plasma membrane of this bacterium was purified ca. 77-fold compared with molybdenum oxidase in cell extract. A purified molybdenum oxidase showed characteristic absorption maxima due to reduced-type cytochrome oxida...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.58.5.1768-1771.1992
更新日期:1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::An inexpensive, simple-to-construct nephelometer which was used to monitor the lysis of spheroplasts is described. The nephelometer is a flow-through device with a linear response to cell concentration from the lower detection limit to 8 x 10(8) cells per ml. ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.44.6.1476-1478.1982
更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Low and high levels of resistance to the benzimidazole fungicides benomyl and thiophanate-methyl were observed in field isolates of Monilinia fructicola, which is the causative agent of brown rot of stone fruit. Isolates that had low levels of resistance (hereafter referred to as LR isolates) and high levels of resist...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.69.12.7145-7152.2003
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Simultaneous production of penicillic acid and patulin by an atypical strain of Penicillium roqueforti isolated from cheddar cheese is reported. Mycotoxin production was confirmed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and by ultraviolet, infrared, and mass spectral analyses. Culture extracts were toxic to Bacill...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.35.2.435-438.1978
更新日期:1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peat bogs dominated by Sphagnum spp. have relatively high areal rates of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emission to the atmosphere. DMS was produced in anoxic slurries of Sphagnum peat with a linear time course and with an average rate of 40.4 (range, 22.0 to 68.6) nmol per liter of slurry (middot) day(sup-1) observed in nine...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.61.7.2720-2726.1995
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Actinomycetes secrete into their surroundings a suite of enzymes involved in the biodegradation of plant lignocellulose; these have been reported to include both hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes, including peroxidases. Reports of secreted peroxidases have been based upon observations of peroxidase-like activity associ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.67.10.4512-4519.2001
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::An indirect fluorescent antibody-membrane filter staining technique, which permitted the autecological study of Methylomonas methanica and Methylosinus trichosporium, was developed. This technique was used to assay the numbers of these two organisms in Cleveland Harbor. The concentrations of M. methanica and M. tricho...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.35.2.422-430.1978
更新日期:1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the United States, the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1) infected almost 20% of the population and caused >200,000 hospitalizations and >10,000 deaths from April 2009 to April 2010. On 24 April 2009, the CDC posted interim guidance on infection control measures in health care settings explicitly for pH...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.03850-12
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Curli are adhesive fimbriae of Enterobacteriaceae and are involved in surface attachment, cell aggregation, and biofilm formation. Here, we report that both inter- and intrastrain variations in curli production are widespread in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. The relative proportions of curli-producing va...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02315-10
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fresh produce is known to carry nonpathogenic epiphytic microorganisms. During agricultural production and harvesting, leafy greens can become contaminated with antibiotic-resistant pathogens or commensals from animal and human sources. As lettuce does not undergo any inactivation or preservation treatment during proc...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01995-13
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many cyanobacterial strains are able to grow at a pH range from neutral to pH 10 or 11. Such alkaline conditions favor cyanobacterial growth (e.g., bloom formation), and cyanobacteria must have developed strategies to adjust to changes in CO2 concentration and ion availability. Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 exhibi...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00883-08
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of salinity and growth temperature on the accumulation of intracellular organic solutes was examined in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Palaeococcus ferrophilus. The genus Palaeococcus represents a deep-branching lineage of the order Thermococcales, which diverged before Thermococcus and Pyrococcus. Palaeoco...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.71.12.8091-8098.2005
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examined the bacterial communities of epilithic biofilms in 17 streams which represented a gradient ranging from relatively pristine streams to streams highly impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD). A combination of automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis with multivariate analysis and ordination provided a se...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00274-09
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::PCR-based methods have been developed to rapidly screen for Legionella pneumophila in water as an alternative to time-consuming culture techniques. However, these methods fail to discriminate between live and dead bacteria. Here, we report a viability assay (viability PCR [v-PCR]) for L. pneumophila that combines ethi...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02878-08
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diacetyl is a by-product of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis, where pyruvate is first converted to alpha-acetolactate, which is slowly decarboxylated to diacetyl in the presence of oxygen. L. lactis usually converts alpha-acetolactate to acetoin enzymatically, by alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase encoded by th...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.7.2636-2640.1996
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A molecular analysis of betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers and a N(2)O isotopomer analysis were conducted to study the sources of N(2)O emissions during the cow manure composting process. Much NO(2)(-)-N and NO(3)(-)-N and the Nitrosomonas europaea-like amoA gene were detected at the surface, especially at the top ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01394-09
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of various subsets of poultry intestinal microbiota to protect turkeys from colonization by Campylobacter jejuni was investigated. Community subsets were generated in vivo by inoculation of day-old poults with the cecal contents of a Campylobacter-free adult turkey, followed by treatment with one antimicro...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00678-10
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypoxia is encountered frequently by Candida albicans during systemic infection of the human host. We tested if hypoxia allows biofilm formation by C. albicans, which is a major cause of perseverance and antifungal resistance in C. albicans infections. Using an in vitro biofilm system, we unexpectedly discovered that ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00098-09
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00