Abstract:
:This short review outlines the central role of glutamine synthetase (GS) in plant nitrogen metabolism and discusses some possibilities for crop improvement. GS functions as the major assimilatory enzyme for ammonia produced from N fixation, and nitrate or ammonia nutrition. It also reassimilates ammonia released as a result of photorespiration and the breakdown of proteins and nitrogen transport compounds. GS is distributed in different subcellular locations (chloroplast and cytoplasm) and in different tissues and organs. This distribution probably changes as a function of the development of the tissue, for example, GS1 appears to play a key role in leaf senescence. The enzyme is the product of multiple genes with complex promoters that ensure the expression of the genes in an organ- and tissue-specific manner and in response to a number of environmental variables affecting the nutritional status of the cell. GS activity is also regulated post-translationally in a manner that involves 14-3-3 proteins and phosphorylation. GS and plant nitrogen metabolism is best viewed as a complex matrix continually changing during the development cycle of plants. Along with GS, a number of other enzymes play key roles in maintaining the balance of carbon and nitrogen. It is proposed that one of these is glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). There is considerable evidence for a GDH shunt to return the carbon in amino acids back into reactions of carbon metabolism and the tri-carboxylic acid cycle. Results with transgenic plants containing transferred GS genes suggest that there may be ways in which it is possible to improve the efficiency with which crop plants use nitrogen. Marker-assisted breeding may also bring about such improvements.
journal_name
J Exp Botjournal_title
Journal of experimental botanyauthors
Miflin BJ,Habash DZdoi
10.1093/jexbot/53.370.979keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-04-01 00:00:00pages
979-87issue
370eissn
0022-0957issn
1460-2431journal_volume
53pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Sweet cherry is a non-climacteric fruit and its ripening is regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) during fruit development. In this study, four cDNAs (PacCYP707A1-4) encoding 8'-hydroxylase, a key enzyme in the oxidative catabolism of ABA, were identified in sweet cherry fruits using tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silen...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erv169
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plants show varied cellular responses to salinity that are partly associated with maintaining low cytosolic Na(+) levels and a high K(+)/Na(+) ratio. Plant metabolites change with elevated Na(+), some changes are likely to help restore osmotic balance while others protect Na(+)-sensitive proteins. Metabolic responses ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erp243
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The carbohydrate moieties of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are essential for their physiological functions and undergo rapid turnover in vivo. Degradation of the carbohydrate moieties of AGPs seems to occur by concerted action of several glycosidases, among them alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, and...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erj206
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leghemoglobins transport and deliver O2 to the symbiosomes inside legume nodules and are essential for nitrogen fixation. However, the roles of other hemoglobins (Hbs) in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis are unclear. Several Lotus japonicus mutants affecting LjGlb1-1, a non-symbiotic class 1 Hb, have been used to study t...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erw290
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The adaptive capacity of long-lived organisms such as trees to the predicted climate changes, including severe and successive drought episodes, will depend on the presence of genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity. Here, the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in phenotypic plasticity toward soil water availabil...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erx409
更新日期:2018-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::In Arabidopsis, 20 genes encode putative glutamate receptor-like proteins (AtGLRs). However, the functions of most genes are unknown. In this study, our results revealed that loss of function of AtGLR3.6 (atglr3.6-1) leads to reduced primary root growth and fewer lateral roots, whereas AtGLR3.6 overexpression induced ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erv576
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seeds of two ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana, NW20 and N1601, were aged over a range of saturated salt solutions at temperatures between 6 degrees C and 55 degrees C. For each ecotype, the results from 37 storage experiments were summarized using the Ellis and Roberts viability equations and a modified version of the...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erg103
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hypersensitive response (HR) is one mechanism of the resistance of plants to pathogen infection. It involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which have crucial roles in signal transduction or as toxic agents leading to cell death. Often, ROS generation is accompanied by an ultraweak photon emission...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erl215
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carotenoids are important isoprenoids produced in the plastids of photosynthetic organisms that play key roles in photoprotection and antioxidative processes. β-carotene is generated from lycopene by the lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB). Previously, we demonstrated that the introduction of the Daucus carota (carrot) DcLCYB1 ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erab029
更新日期:2021-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::Alpha-dioxygenase (alpha-DOX) enzymes catalyse the oxygenation of fatty acids to yield a newly identified group of oxylipins that play a role in protecting tissues from oxidative damage and cell death. In tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) alpha-DOX was identified as salt-regulated by differential display of mRNA,...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eri038
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Participation of the intervascular transport system within the rice stem during cadmium (Cd) partitioning was investigated by characterizing (109)Cd behaviour in the shoot. In addition, (45)Ca, (32)P, and (35)S partitioning patterns were analysed for comparison with that of (109)Cd. Each tracer was applied to the seed...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ers344
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the Green Revolution, substantial increases in wheat (Triticum aestivum) yields were realized, at least in part, through the introduction of the Reduced height (Rht)-B1b and Rht-D1b semi-dwarfing alleles. In contrast to Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, the Rht-B1c allele is characterized by extreme dwarfism and exceptional...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erw471
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eutypa dieback is a vascular disease that may severely affect vineyards throughout the world. In the present work, microarrays were made in order (i) to improve our knowledge of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon) responses to Eutypa lata, the causal agent of Eutypa dieback; and (ii) to identify genes th...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erq040
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Auxin is an important regulator of many aspects of plant growth and development. During reproductive development, auxin specifies the site of flower initiation and subsequently regulates organ growth and patterning as well as later events that determine reproductive success. Underlying auxin action in plant tissues is...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/err127
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chlorophyll (Chl) b is a ubiquitous accessory pigment in land plants, green algae, and prochlorophytes. This pigment is synthesized from Chl a by chlorophyllide a oxygenase and plays a key role in adaptation to various environments. This study characterizes a rice mutant, pale green leaf (pgl), and isolates the gene P...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erv529
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, efforts to exploit sunlight, a free and abundant energy source, have sped up dramatically. Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, such as higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, can convert solar energy into chemical energy very efficiently using water as an electron donor. By providing organic building ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erz054
更新日期:2019-03-27 00:00:00
abstract::The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) enzyme catalyses the first biosynthetic step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. In plants the MEP pathway is involved in the synthesis of the common precursors to the plastidic isoprenoids, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, i...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erq393
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Next-generation sequencing enables the study of species without a sequenced genome at the 'omics' level. Custom transcriptome databases are generated and global expression profiles can be compared. However, the assembly of transcriptome sequence reads into contigs remains a daunting task. In this study, five different...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/err029
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrate and ammonia deferentially modulate primary metabolism during the hypersensitive response in tobacco. In this study, tobacco RNAi lines with low nitrite reductase (NiRr) levels were used to investigate the roles of nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) in this process. The lines accumulate NO2-, with increased NO gener...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erz161
更新日期:2019-08-29 00:00:00
abstract::Enhancement of Rubisco kinetics could improve photosynthetic efficiency, ultimately resulting in increased crop yield. However, imprecise knowledge of the reaction mechanism and the individual rate constants limits our ability to optimize the enzyme. Membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) may offer benefits over trad...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ery355
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phytopathogen infection leads to changes in secondary metabolism based on the induction of defence programmes as well as to changes in primary metabolism which affect growth and development of the plant. Therefore, pathogen attack causes crop yield losses even in interactions which do not end up with disease or death ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erm298
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To ensure future food security, there is an urgent need for improved co-ordination of agricultural research. While advances in biotechnology hold considerable promise, significant technology gaps exist that may reduce their impact. Examples include an incomplete knowledge of target breeding environments, a limited und...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/err241
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The plant family Cactaceae is considered among the most threatened groups of organisms on the planet. The threatened status of the cacti family has created a renewed interest in the highly evolved physiological and morphological traits that underpin their persistence in some of the harshest subtropical environments in...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erz320
更新日期:2019-11-29 00:00:00
abstract::Light drives photosynthesis and informs plants about their surroundings. Regarded as a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants, nitric oxide (NO) has been repeatedly demonstrated to interact with light signaling cascades to control plant growth, development and metabolism. During early plant development, light-tr...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa504
更新日期:2020-11-27 00:00:00
abstract::In maize, water stress at flowering causes loss of kernel set and productivity. While changes in the levels of sugars and abscisic acid (ABA) are thought to play a role in this stress response, the mechanistic basis and genes involved are not known. A candidate gene approach was used with association mapping to identi...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erq308
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between photosynthetic energy conservation and thermal dissipation of light energy is considered, with emphasis on organisms which tolerate full desiccation without suffering photo-oxidative damage in strong light. As soon as water becomes available to dry poikilohydric organisms, they resume photosyn...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erj104
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phenolic acids are important secondary metabolites produced in the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, but little is known about the transcription factors involved in the regulation of tanshinone and phenolic acid biosynthesis. Here, a novel AP2/ERF transcription factor SmERF115 was isolated and functionally ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ery349
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wheat phenology allows escaping from seasonal abiotic stresses including frosts and high temperatures, the latter being forecasted to increase with climate change. The use of marker-based crop models to identify ideotypes has been proposed to select genotypes adapted to specific weather and management conditions and a...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa477
更新日期:2020-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::Plant root rhizosphere interactions with mutualistic microbes are diverse and numerous, having evolved over time in response to selective pressures on plants to attain anchorage and nutrients. These relationships can be considered to be formed through a combination of architectural connections: molecular architecture ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erv038
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are agronomically important biopolymers in higher plants composed primarily of catechin and epicatechin units. The biosynthesis of these natural products is regulated by transcription factors including proteins of the R2R3MYB class. To gain insight into the genetic control of the catechin and e...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erq344
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00