Abstract：
:Ultrafast time-resolved optical spectroscopy has revealed new classes of physical, chemical and biological reactions, in which directed, deterministic motions of atoms have a key role. This contrasts with the random, diffusive motion of atoms across activation barriers that typically determines kinetic rates on slower timescales. An example of these new processes is the ultrafast melting of semiconductors, which is believed to arise from a strong modification of the inter-atomic forces owing to laser-induced promotion of a large fraction (10% or more) of the valence electrons to the conduction band. The atoms immediately begin to move and rapidly gain sufficient kinetic energy to induce melting--much faster than the several picoseconds required to convert the electronic energy into thermal motions. Here we present measurements of the characteristic melting time of InSb with a recently developed technique of ultrafast time-resolved X-ray diffraction that, in contrast to optical spectroscopy, provides a direct probe of the changing atomic structure. The data establish unambiguously a loss of long-range order up to 900 A inside the crystal, with time constants as short as 350 femtoseconds. This ability to obtain the quantitative structural characterization of non-thermal processes should find widespread application in the study of ultrafast dynamics in other physical, chemical and biological systems.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Rousse A,Rischel C,Fourmaux S,Uschmann I,Sebban S,Grillon G,Balcou P,Förster E,Geindre JP,Audebert P,Gauthier JC,Hulin Ddoi
10.1038/35065045keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-03-01 00:00:00pages
65-8issue
6824eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
35065045journal_volume
410pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:Very large collisions in the asteroid belt could lead temporarily to a substantial increase in the rate of impacts of meteorites on Earth. Orbital simulations predict that fragments from such events may arrive considerably faster than the typical transit times of meteorites falling today, because in some large impacts...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02736
更新日期：2004-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The TE1 family of transposable elements (TEs) of Drosophila consists of unusually large transposons, cytologically visible in larval polytene chromosomes as one or more bands. They are composite elements, as their termini consist of foldback (FB) sequences which are themselves transposable. The location of FB elements...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/316081a0
更新日期：1985-07-04 00:00:00
abstract：:A major aim in immunology has been to understand how the immune system evokes characteristic responses to infection, foreign tissue grafts and tumours. The current view of immunoregulation is based mainly on studies of lymphocyte subsets, either in vitro or by adoptive transfer to irradiated recipients. Many reagents ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/312548a0
更新日期：1984-12-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Although freeze-fracture electron microscopy is normally analysed with the presumption that particles represent proteins embedded within the membrane, particles which appeared to represent inverted lipid micelles within membranes have been reported. I have now confirmed the occurrence of particles in protein-free lipo...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/287166a0
更新日期：1980-09-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Fusion of biological membranes is mediated by specific lipid-interacting proteins that induce the formation and expansion of an initial fusion pore. Here we report the crystal structure of the ectodomain of the Semliki Forest virus fusion glycoprotein E1 in its low-pH-induced trimeric form. E1 adopts a folded-back con...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02239
更新日期：2004-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:The mariner transposable element is a small member of the short inverted terminal repeat class thought to transpose through a DNA intermediate. Originally described in Drosophila mauritiana, it is now known in several species of the family Drosophilidae, and in a moth Hyalophora cecropia. Here I use primers designed t...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/362241a0
更新日期：1993-03-18 00:00:00
abstract：:In vast areas of the ocean, the scarcity of iron controls the growth and productivity of phytoplankton. Although most dissolved iron in the marine environment is complexed with organic molecules, picomolar amounts of labile inorganic iron species (labile iron) are maintained within the euphotic zone and serve as an im...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature25982
更新日期：2018-03-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Plant respiration results in an annual flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere that is six times as large as that due to the emissions from fossil fuel burning, so changes in either will impact future climate. As plant respiration responds positively to temperature, a warming world may result in additional resp...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature17142
更新日期：2016-03-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Electronic devices have advanced from their heavy, bulky origins to become smart, mobile appliances. Nevertheless, they remain rigid, which precludes their intimate integration into everyday life. Flexible, textile and stretchable electronics are emerging research areas and may yield mainstream technologies. Rollable ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12314
更新日期：2013-07-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Blood vessel growth in the skeletal system and osteogenesis seem to be coupled, suggesting the existence of molecular crosstalk between endothelial and osteoblastic cells. Understanding the nature of the mechanisms linking angiogenesis and bone formation should be of great relevance for improved fracture healing or pr...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13146
更新日期：2014-03-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Locomotion relies on neural networks called central pattern generators (CPGs) that generate periodic motor commands for rhythmic movements. In vertebrates, the excitatory synaptic drive for inducing the spinal CPG can originate from either supraspinal glutamatergic inputs or from within the spinal cord. Here we identi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08323
更新日期：2009-09-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Methyl chloride is the largest natural source of ozone-depleting chlorine compounds, and accounts for about 15 per cent of the present atmospheric chlorine content. This contribution was likely to have been relatively greater in pre-industrial times, when additional anthropogenic sources-such as chlorofluorocarbons-we...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/416163a
更新日期：2002-03-14 00:00:00
abstract：:The manner in which phase transformations occur in solids determines important structural and physical properties of many materials. The main problem in characterizing the kinetic processes that occur during phase transformations is the difficulty of observing directly, in real time, the growth of one phase at the exp...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35014569
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Functioning and processing of membrane proteins critically depend on the way their transmembrane segments are embedded in the membrane. Sphingolipids are structural components of membranes and can also act as intracellular second messengers. Not much is known of sphingolipids binding to transmembrane domains (TMDs) of...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10742
更新日期：2012-01-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Osmotic pressures are generated by differences in chemical potential of a solution across a membrane. But whether osmosis can have a significant effect on the pressure of fluids in geological environments has been controversial, because the membrane properties of geological media are poorly understood. 'Anomalous' pre...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35003174
更新日期：2000-01-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The instruction of the immune system to be tolerant of self, thereby preventing autoimmunity, is facilitated by the education of T cells in a specialized organ, the thymus, in which self-reactive cells are either eliminated or differentiated into tolerogenic Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. However, it is unknown...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10434
更新日期：2011-09-21 00:00:00
abstract：:The distribution, accumulation and circulation of oxygen and hydrogen in Earth's interior dictate the geochemical evolution of the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. The oxygen-rich atmosphere and iron-rich core represent two end-members of the oxygen-iron (O-Fe) system, overlapping with the entire pressure-temper...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature18018
更新日期：2016-06-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Kalka is one of about 14 major layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions forming the Giles Complex in central Australia1. The stratigraphical section of the Kalka Intrusion passes from a basal pyroxenite zone (450 + m) through norite and olivine gabbro zones (3,500 m) to an uppermost anorthosite zone (800 + m)2. Further res...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/294155a0
更新日期：1981-11-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiplicative operations are important in sensory processing, but their biophysical implementation remains largely unknown. We investigated an identified neuron (the lobula giant movement detector, LGMD, of locusts) whose output firing rate in response to looming visual stimuli has been described by two models, one o...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01190
更新日期：2002-11-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Planetary aurorae are formed by energetic charged particles streaming along the planet's magnetic field lines into the upper atmosphere from the surrounding space environment. Earth's main auroral oval is formed through interactions with the solar wind, whereas that at Jupiter is formed through interactions with plasm...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature07077
更新日期：2008-06-19 00:00:00
abstract：:The circadian clock imposes daily rhythms in cell proliferation, metabolism, inflammation and DNA damage response. Perturbations of these processes are hallmarks of cancer and chronic circadian rhythm disruption predisposes individuals to tumour development. This raises the hypothesis that pharmacological modulation o...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature25170
更新日期：2018-01-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurotransmitters modulate the activity of ion channels through a variety of second messengers, including cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and the products of phosphatidylinositol breakdown. Little is known about how different transmitters acting through different second-messenger systems interact within a cell to regulate sing...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/325153a0
更新日期：1987-01-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The Hubbard model, formulated by physicist John Hubbard in the 1960s1, is a simple theoretical model of interacting quantum particles in a lattice. The model is thought to capture the essential physics of high-temperature superconductors, magnetic insulators and other complex quantum many-body ground states2,3. Althou...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-2085-3
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many tissues including blood, skin, gut and germ cells are continuously maintained by tissue stem cells. Under certain conditions, however, other organs can undergo repair using stem-cell-like progenitors generated by cell de-differentiation. Cell fates have been broadened experimentally, but mechanisms allowing de-di...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02436
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The eukaryotic cell cycle comprises an ordered series of events, orchestrated by the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), leading from chromosome replication during S phase to their segregation in mitosis. The unidirectionality of cell-cycle transitions is fundamental for the successful completion of this cycl...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature07984
更新日期：2009-05-28 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07889-7
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protein ubiquitination is a common form of post-translational modification that regulates a broad spectrum of protein substrates in diverse cellular pathways. Through a three-enzyme (E1-E2-E3) cascade, the attachment of ubiquitin to proteins is catalysed by the E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is best represented by the sup...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05175
更新日期：2006-10-05 00:00:00
abstract：:For cells of the innate immune system to mount a host defence response to infection, they must recognize products of microbial pathogens such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxin secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. These cellular responses require intracellular signalling pathways, such as the four MAP kinase (M...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/386296a0
更新日期：1997-03-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The kidney has been widely exploited as a model system for the study of tissue inductions regulating vertebrate organogenesis. Kidney development is initiated by the ingrowth of the Wolfian duct-derived ureteric bud into the presumptive kidney mesenchyme. In response to a signal from the ureter, mesenchymal cells cond...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/372679a0
更新日期：1994-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Haemophilia B, or Christmas disease, is an inherited X-chromosome-linked bleeding disorder caused by a defect in clotting factor IX and occurs in about 1 in 30,000 males in the United Kingdom. Injection of factor IX concentrate obtained from blood donors allows most patients to be successfully managed. However, becaus...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/315683a0
更新日期：1985-06-20 00:00:00
