Abstract:
:A 2D perspective image of a slanted rectangular object is sufficient for a strong 3D percept. Two computational assumptions that could be used to interpret 3D from images of rectangles are as follows: (1) converging lines in an image are parallel in the world, and (2) skewed angles in an image are orthogonal in the world. For an accurate perspective image of a slanted rectangle, either constraint implies the same 3D interpretation. However, if an image is rescaled, the 3D interpretations based on parallelism and orthogonality generally conflict. We tested the roles of parallelism and orthogonality by measuring perceived depth within scaled perspective images. Stimuli were monocular images of squares, slanted about a horizontal axis, with an elliptical hole. Subjects judged the length-to-width ratio of the holes, which provided a measure of perceived depth along the object. The rotational alignment of squares within their surface plane was varied from 0 degrees (trapezoidal projected contours) to 20 degrees (skewed projected contours). In consistent-cue conditions, images were accurate projections of either a 10 degree- or 20 degree-wide square, with slants of 75 degrees and 62 degrees, respectively. In cue-conflict conditions, images were generated either by magnifying a 10 degrees image to have a projected size of 20 degrees or by minifying a 20 degree image to have a projected size of 10 degrees. For the aligned squares, which do not produce a conflicting skew cue, we found that subjects' judgments depended primarily on projected size and not on the size used to generate the prescaled images. This is consistent with reliance on the convergence cue, corresponding to a parallelism assumption. As squares were rotated away from alignment, producing skewed projected contours, judgments were increasingly determined by the original image size. This is consistent with use of the skew cue, corresponding to an orthogonality assumption. Our results demonstrate that both parallelism and orthogonality constraints are used to perceive depth from linear perspective.
journal_name
J Visjournal_title
Journal of visionauthors
Saunders JA,Backus BTdoi
10.1167/7.6.7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-04-13 00:00:00pages
7issue
6issn
1534-7362pii
7/6/7journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章abstract::In everyday life, our brains decide about the relevance of huge amounts of sensory input. Further complicating this situation, this input is distributed over different modalities. This raises the question of how different sources of information interact for the control of overt attention during free exploration of the...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/7.10.11
更新日期:2007-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::We evaluated spatial displacement and temporal duration thresholds for discriminating the motion direction of gratings for a broad range of speeds (0.06 degrees/s to 30 degrees/s) in fovea and at +/-30 degrees eccentricity. In general, increased speed yielded lower duration thresholds but higher displacement threshold...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/9.1.30
更新日期:2009-01-22 00:00:00
abstract::The neural mechanisms responsible for unifying noncontiguous regions of a visual image into a percept of a single surface remain largely unknown. To investigate these mechanisms, we used a novel stimulus in which local luminance was the only cue for surface segmentation. Subjects viewed an array of small adjoining ele...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/8.7.28
更新日期:2008-11-07 00:00:00
abstract::Scene viewing is used to study attentional selection in complex but still controlled environments. One of the main observations on eye movements during scene viewing is the inhomogeneous distribution of fixation locations: While some parts of an image are fixated by almost all observers and are inspected repeatedly by...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/19.6.5
更新日期:2019-06-03 00:00:00
abstract::According to most models of selective visual attention, our goals at any given moment and saliency in the visual field determine attentional priority. But selection is not carried out in isolation--we typically track objects through space and time. This is not well captured within the distinction between goal-directed...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1167/13.3.14
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The visual system utilizes environmental features to direct gaze efficiently when locating objects. While previous research has isolated various features' contributions to gaze guidance, these studies generally used sparse displays and did not investigate how features facilitated search as a function of their location...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/16.2.3
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Saccadic adaptation is an oculomotor learning process that maintains the accuracy of eye movements to ensure effective perception of the environment. Although saccadic adaptation is commonly considered an automatic and low-level motor calibration in the cerebellum, we recently found that strength of adaptation is infl...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/17.12.11
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::S.-W. Wu, M. F. Dal Martello, and L. T. Maloney (2009) evaluated subjects' performance in a visuo-motor task where subjects were asked to hit two targets in sequence within a fixed time limit. Hitting targets earned rewards and Wu et al. varied rewards associated with targets. They found that subjects failed to maximi...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/10.6.1
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Visually guided catch-up saccades during the pursuit of a moving target are highly influenced by smooth pursuit performance. For example, the decision to execute a saccade and its amplitude is driven by the difference in velocity between the eye and the target. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that the predic...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/9.11.7
更新日期:2009-10-06 00:00:00
abstract::Neural responses to visual stimuli are modulated by spatial and temporal context. For example, in primary visual cortex (V1), responses to an oriented target stimulus will be suppressed when embedded within an oriented surround stimulus. This suppression is orientation-specific, with the largest suppression observed w...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/18.11.3
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pedestal effect is the improvement in the detectability of a sinusoidal grating in the presence of another grating of the same orientation, spatial frequency, and phase-usually called the pedestal. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the pedestal effect is differently modified by spectrally flat and notch-filter...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/9.7.15
更新日期:2009-07-31 00:00:00
abstract::The essentially active nature of vision has long been acknowledged but has been difficult to investigate because of limitations in the available instrumentation, both for measuring eye and body movements and for presenting realistic stimuli in the context of active behavior. These limitations have been substantially r...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1167/18.4.10
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::How the visual system learns the statistical regularities (e.g., symmetry) needed to interpret pictorial cues to depth is one of the outstanding questions in perceptual science. We test the hypothesis that the visual system can adapt its model of the statistics of planar figures for estimating three-dimensional surfac...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/7.8.13
更新日期:2007-06-26 00:00:00
abstract::Horizontal information was recently suggested to be crucial for face identification. In the present paper, we expand on this finding and investigate the role of orientations for all the basic facial expressions and neutrality. To this end, we developed orientation bubbles to quantify utilization of the orientation spe...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/17.14.7
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We measured neural responses to local and global aspects of form and motion stimuli using frequency-tagged, steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Random dot stimuli were used to portray either dynamic Glass patterns (Glass, 1969) or coherent motion displays...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/12.10.15
更新日期:2012-09-26 00:00:00
abstract::When reaching for objects, humans make saccades to fixate the object at or near the time the hand begins to move. In order to address whether the CNS relies on a common representation of target positions to plan both saccades and hand movements, we quantified the contributions of visual short-term memory (VSTM) to han...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/12.1.3
更新日期:2012-01-04 00:00:00
abstract::One approach toward understanding how vision computes surface lightness is to first determine what principles govern lightness in simple stimuli and then test whether these hold for more complex stimuli. Gilchrist (2006) proposed that in the simplest images that produce the experience of a surface (two surfaces differ...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/14.13.25
更新日期:2014-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::We present a computational-observer model of the human spatial contrast-sensitivity function based on the Image Systems Engineering Toolbox for Biology (ISETBio) simulation framework. We demonstrate that ISETBio-derived contrast-sensitivity functions agree well with ones derived using traditional ideal-observer approa...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/19.4.8
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::During observation of an ambiguous Necker cube, our percept changes spontaneously although the external stimulus does not. An EEG paradigm allowing time-resolved EEG measurement during endogenous perceptual reversals recently revealed a chain of ERP correlates beginning with an early occipital positivity at around 130...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/11.9.12
更新日期:2011-08-24 00:00:00
abstract::Human observers are exquisitely sensitive to curvature deformations along a circular closed contour (Wilkinson, Wilson, & Habak, 1998; Hess, Wang, & Dakin, 1999; Loffler, Wilson, & Wilkinson, 2003). Such remarkable sensitivity has been attributed to the curvature encoding scheme used by V4 neurons, which typically are...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/19.13.7
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Computational models of spatial vision typically make use of a (rectified) linear filter, a nonlinearity and dominant late noise to account for human contrast discrimination data. Linear-nonlinear cascade models predict an improvement in observers' contrast detection performance when low, subthreshold levels of extern...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/8.15.17
更新日期:2008-11-24 00:00:00
abstract::People are able to perceive the 3D shape of illuminated surfaces using image shading cues. Theories about how we accomplish this often assume that the human visual system estimates a single lighting direction and interprets shading cues in accord with that estimate. In natural scenes, however, lighting can be much mor...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/19.6.2
更新日期:2019-06-03 00:00:00
abstract::Gaze behavior during scene and object recognition can highlight the relevant information for a task. For example, salience maps-highlighting regions that have heightened luminance, contrast, color, etc. in a scene-can be used to predict gaze targets. Certain tasks, such as face recognition, result in a typical pattern...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/17.2.9
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Traditional models of visual search such as feature integration theory (FIT; Treisman & Gelade, 1980), have suggested that a key factor determining task difficulty consists of whether or not the search target contains a "basic feature" not found in the other display items (distractors). Here we discriminate between su...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/16.10.13
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Top-down guidance of visual attention has classically been thought to operate in a feature-specific manner. However, recent studies have shown that top-down visual attention can also be guided by information about target-nontarget feature relations (e.g., larger, redder, brighter). Here we recommend a minimal set of c...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/13.3.12
更新日期:2013-05-06 00:00:00
abstract::Correction of spherical (SA) and longitudinal chromatic aberrations (LCA) significantly improves monocular visual acuity (VA). In this work, the visual effect of SA correction in polychromatic and monochromatic light on binocular visual performance is investigated. A liquid crystal based binocular adaptive optics visu...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/14.2.8
更新日期:2014-02-11 00:00:00
abstract::In motion transparency, one surface is very often seen on top of the other in spite of no proper depth cue in the display. We investigated the dynamics of depth assignment in motion transparency stimuli composed of random dots moving in opposite directions. Similarly to other bistable percepts, which surface is seen i...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/10.13.23
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study compared the effects of age on the perception of translational, radial, and rotational global motion patterns. Motion coherence thresholds were measured for judging the direction of each motion type as a function of contrast (visibility) and temporal sampling rate in young and elderly participants. Coherenc...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/10.10.15
更新日期:2010-08-17 00:00:00
abstract::Apparent duration can be manipulated in a local region of visual field by long-term adaptation to motion or flicker (Johnston, Arnold, & Nishida, 2006). These effects show narrow spatial tuning (Ayhan, Bruno, Nishida, & Johnston, 2009), as well as retinotopic position dependency (Bruno, Ayhan, & Johnston, 2010), suppo...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/19.5.19
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Selective attention is often considered the "gateway" to visual working memory (VWM). However, the extent to which we can voluntarily control which of an object's features enter memory remains subject to debate. Recent research has converged on the concept of VWM as a limited commodity distributed between elements of ...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/13.2.21
更新日期:2013-02-18 00:00:00