The health and economic burden of bloodstream infections caused by antimicrobial-susceptible and non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus in European hospitals, 2010 and 2011: a multicentre retrospective cohort study.

Abstract:

:We performed a multicentre retrospective cohort study including 606,649 acute inpatient episodes at 10 European hospitals in 2010 and 2011 to estimate the impact of antimicrobial resistance on hospital mortality, excess length of stay (LOS) and cost. Bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (3GCRE), meticillin-susceptible (MSSA) and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) increased the daily risk of hospital death (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34-2.42, HR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.49-2.20 and HR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.66-3.51, respectively) and prolonged LOS (9.3 days; 95% CI: 9.2-9.4, 11.5 days; 95% CI: 11.5-11.6 and 13.3 days; 95% CI: 13.2-13.4, respectively). BSI with third-generation cephalosporin-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae (3GCSE) significantly increased LOS (5.9 days; 95% CI: 5.8-5.9) but not hazard of death (1.16; 95% CI: 0.98-1.36). 3GCRE significantly increased the hazard of death (1.63; 95% CI: 1.13-2.35), excess LOS (4.9 days; 95% CI: 1.1-8.7) and cost compared with susceptible strains, whereas meticillin resistance did not. The annual cost of 3GCRE BSI was higher than of MRSA BSI. While BSI with S. aureus had greater impact on mortality, excess LOS and cost than Enterobacteriaceae per infection, the impact of antimicrobial resistance was greater for Enterobacteriaceae.

journal_name

Euro Surveill

authors

Stewardson AJ,Allignol A,Beyersmann J,Graves N,Schumacher M,Meyer R,Tacconelli E,De Angelis G,Farina C,Pezzoli F,Bertrand X,Gbaguidi-Haore H,Edgeworth J,Tosas O,Martinez JA,Ayala-Blanco MP,Pan A,Zoncada A,Marwick CA,

doi

10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.33.30319

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-08-18 00:00:00

issue

33

eissn

1025-496X

issn

1560-7917

pii

30319

journal_volume

21

pub_type

杂志文章,多中心研究
  • Strong increase of true and false positive mycobacterial cultures sent to the National Reference Centre in Belgium, 2007 to 2016.

    abstract::IntroductionIn 2007, a new federal legislation in Belgium prohibited non-biosafety level 3 laboratories to process culture tubes suspected of containing mycobacteria.AimTo present mycobacterial surveillance/diagnosis data from the Belgian National Reference Centre for mycobacteria (NRC) from 2007 to 2016.MethodsThis r...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.11.1800205

    authors: Soetaert K,Subissi L,Ceyssens PJ,Vanfleteren B,Chantrenne M,Asikainen T,Duysburgh E,Mathys V

    更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00

  • A case of respiratory toxigenic diphtheria: contact tracing results and considerations following a 30-year disease-free interval, Catalonia, Spain, 2015.

    abstract::In May 2015, following a 30-year diphtheria-free interval in Catalonia, an unvaccinated 6-year-old child was diagnosed with diphtheria caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. After a difficult search for equine-derived diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), the child received the DAT 4 days later but died at the end of ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.13.17-00183

    authors: Jané M,Vidal MJ,Camps N,Campins M,Martínez A,Balcells J,Martin-Gomez MT,Bassets G,Herrera-León S,Foguet A,Maresma M,Follia N,Uriona S,Pumarola T

    更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00

  • Epidemiological status of BSE in France - update on born after the ban cases.

    abstract::Despite measures taken in France since 1990 to control the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the incidence of BSE cases notified in France by the BSE Epidemiological Surveillance Network has been rising in recent years. By 1 July 2000, 103 ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/esm.05.09.00011-en

    authors: Savey M,Coudert M,Agrech AE,Calavas D,Ducrot C,Baron S

    更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00

  • Prevalence of mcr-1 in commensal Escherichia coli from French livestock, 2007 to 2014.

    abstract::Colistin resistance was investigated in 1,696 isolates collected from 2007 to 2014 within the frame of the French livestock antimicrobial resistance surveillance programme. The mcr-1 gene was detected in all commensal Escherichia coli isolates with a minimum inhibitory concentration to colistin above the 2 mg/L cut-of...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.6.30135

    authors: Perrin-Guyomard A,Bruneau M,Houée P,Deleurme K,Legrandois P,Poirier C,Soumet C,Sanders P

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00

  • Application of RT-PCR for diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections in Bulgaria, 2006-7 and 2007-8.

    abstract::We describe here the results of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during two consecutive seasons, from December 2006 to February 2007 and from October 2007 to March 2008, performed in the National Laboratory of Influenza and Acute Respiratory Diseas...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/ese.14.23.19233-en

    authors: Pavlova S,Hadzhiolova T,Abadjieva P,Kotseva R

    更新日期:2009-06-11 00:00:00

  • Laboratory-based surveillance for Cryptosporidium in France, 2006-2009.

    abstract::In 2002, the French Food Safety Agency drew attention to the lack of information on the prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis in the country. Two years later, the ANOFEL Cryptosporidium National Network (ACNN) was set up to provide public health authorities with data on the incidence and epidemiology of human cryptosp...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: ANOFEL Cryptosporidium National Network.

    更新日期:2010-08-19 00:00:00

  • Travel associated legionellosis among European tourists in Spain.

    abstract::Depuis la deuxieme moitie des annees 1980, la legionellose associee au voyage est devenue preoccupante pour les pays europeens en raison de la morbidite dans la population europeenne; de plus, l'apparition de cas chez les touristes constitue une menace p ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/esm.02.06.00155-en

    authors: Galmes Truyols A,Martinez Navarro JF

    更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00

  • Prevalence, risk factors and genetic characterisation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E and CPE): a community-based cross-sectional study, the Netherlands, 2014 to 2016.

    abstract::BackgroundThe epidemiology of carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in the general population is unknown.AimIn this observational study, the prevalence and risk factors for intestinal ESBL-E and CPE carriage in the Dutch general population ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.41.1800594

    authors: van den Bunt G,van Pelt W,Hidalgo L,Scharringa J,de Greeff SC,Schürch AC,Mughini-Gras L,Bonten MJM,Fluit AC

    更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00

  • The burden of visceral leishmaniasis in Italy from 1982 to 2012: a retrospective analysis of the multi-annual epidemic that occurred from 1989 to 2009.

    abstract::Starting from 1989 Italy experienced an increase of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases over a baseline of 10 to 30 cases reported annually. The number of cases peaked in 2000 and 2004 with more than 200 cases/year, and subsequently declined to reach on average one third of the 2000 peak value in the period after 2010. ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Gramiccia M,Scalone A,Di Muccio T,Orsini S,Fiorentino E,Gradoni L

    更新日期:2013-07-18 00:00:00

  • Infectious diseases in Rome during the Millennium Year.

    abstract::During 2000, the millennium year, 26 million people visited Rome. An improved surveillance system for infectious diseases, especially for foodborne disease outbreaks (FBDO), meningitis, and legionnaires' disease was introduced in 1997. This rapid alert network links public health services with the principal sources of...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/esm.08.09.00425-en

    authors: Giorgi Rossi P,Sangalli M,Faustini A,Forestiere F,Perucci CA

    更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00

  • Identification of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O117:H7 in men who have sex with men, England, November 2013 to August 2014.

    abstract::Between November 2013 and August 2014, nine cases of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O117:H7 VT1 were confirmed in adult men. Further investigation using semi-structured interviews revealed that eight cases were United Kingdom (UK)-born men who have sex with men (MSM) who had sexually acquired infection in th...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.43.20946

    authors: Simms I,Gilbart VL,Byrne L,Jenkins C,Adak GK,Hughes G,Crook PD

    更新日期:2014-10-30 00:00:00

  • Trends in influenza vaccination behaviours--results from the CoPanFlu cohort, France, 2006 to 2011.

    abstract::Controversies over the effectiveness and safety of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in 2009/10 may have altered the influenza vaccination coverage in France after the pandemic season. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pandemic affected seasonal influenza vaccination behaviours in the ge...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.45.20628

    authors: Caille-Brillet AL,Raude J,Lapidus N,De Lamballerie X,Carrat F,Setbon M

    更新日期:2013-11-07 00:00:00

  • Invasive Group A streptococcal disease in Ireland, 2004 to 2010.

    abstract::Invasive group A streptococcal infections (iGAS) are a major clinical and public health challenge. iGAS is a notifiable disease in Ireland since 2004. The aim of this paper is to describe the epidemiology of iGAS in Ireland for the first time over the seven-year period from 2004 to 2010. The Irish national electronic ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Martin J,Murchan S,O'Flanagan D,Fitzpatrick F

    更新日期:2011-10-13 00:00:00

  • Hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: surveillance and descriptive epidemiology of confirmed cases, 2005 to 2015.

    abstract::Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an under-recognised cause of acute hepatitis in high-income countries. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of testing, diagnosis, surveillance activities, and data on confirmed cases in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). A semi-structured survey was develope...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.26.30561

    authors: Aspinall EJ,Couturier E,Faber M,Said B,Ijaz S,Tavoschi L,Takkinen J,Adlhoch C,The Country Experts.

    更新日期:2017-06-29 00:00:00

  • The European Sero-Epidemiology Network.

    abstract::The purpose of serological surveillance is to monitor levels of immunity to particular diseases within a population in order to enhance the quality of information on which public health measures, such as vaccination programmes, are based. Serological surv ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/esm.02.04.00167-en

    authors: Osborne K,Weinberg J,Miller E

    更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00

  • Detection of West Nile virus in a common whitethroat (Curruca communis) and Culex mosquitoes in the Netherlands, 2020.

    abstract::On 22 August, a common whitethroat in the Netherlands tested positive for West Nile virus lineage 2. The same bird had tested negative in spring. Subsequent testing of Culex mosquitoes collected in August and early September in the same location generated two of 44 positive mosquito pools, providing first evidence for...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.40.2001704

    authors: Sikkema RS,Schrama M,van den Berg T,Morren J,Munger E,Krol L,van der Beek JG,Blom R,Chestakova I,van der Linden A,Boter M,van Mastrigt T,Molenkamp R,Koenraadt CJ,van den Brand JM,Oude Munnink BB,Koopmans MP,van der Jeug

    更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00

  • The proof of the pudding is in the eating: an outbreak of emetic syndrome after a kindergarten excursion, Berlin, Germany, December 2007.

    abstract::An outbreak of food poisoning (emetic syndrome) occurred in three kindergartens (A, B and C) in Berlin, Germany, on 3 December 2007 after an excursion during which food was served. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among the kindergarten children and personnel who participated in the trip. The overall attack r...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kamga Wambo GO,Burckhardt F,Frank C,Hiller P,Wichmann-Schauer H,Zuschneid I,Hentschke J,Hitzbleck T,Contzen M,Suckau M,Stark K

    更新日期:2011-04-14 00:00:00

  • Two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 8 linked to the consumption of Cantal cheese made with raw milk, France, 2001.

    abstract::Salmonelloses are one are the main causes of foodborne infections in industrialised countries. In France, the incidence of human salmonellosis recorded by the National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella (CNRSS) in 2001 was 21 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis represented 39% ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.2807/esm.08.07.00419-en

    authors: Haeghebaert S,Sulem P,Deroudille L,Vanneroy-Adenot E,Bagnis O,Bouvet P,Grimont F,Brisabois A,Le Querrec F,Hervy C,Espié E,de Valk H,Vaillant V

    更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00

  • Experiences with the Dutch Working Party on antibiotic policy (SWAB).

    abstract::The Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy (Stichting Werkgroep AntibioticaBeleid, SWAB) was founded in 1996 as an initiative of the Society for Infectious Diseases, the Dutch Society for Medical Microbiology, and the Dutch Association of Hospital Pharmacists. Its primary goal is to contribute to the containment of ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Prins JM,Degener JE,de Neeling AJ,Gyssens IC,SWAB Board.

    更新日期:2008-11-13 00:00:00

  • Spotlight on measles 2010: measles outbreak in Ireland 2009-2010.

    abstract::Measles cases are increasing in Ireland, with 320 cases notified since August 2009. Nearly two-thirds of these cases (n=206) were unvaccinated. In the early stages of the outbreak a substantial number of cases were linked to the Traveller community with some cases also reported among the Roma community, other citizens...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/ese.15.09.19500-en

    authors: Gee S,Cotter S,O'Flanagan D,National Incident Management Team.

    更新日期:2010-03-04 00:00:00

  • Standardised surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection in European acute care hospitals: a pilot study, 2013.

    abstract::Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) remains poorly controlled in many European countries, of which several have not yet implemented national CDI surveillance. In 2013, experts from the European CDI Surveillance Network project and from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control developed a protocol with ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.29.30293

    authors: van Dorp SM,Kinross P,Gastmeier P,Behnke M,Kola A,Delmée M,Pavelkovich A,Mentula S,Barbut F,Hajdu A,Ingebretsen A,Pituch H,Macovei IS,Jovanović M,Wiuff C,Schmid D,Olsen KE,Wilcox MH,Suetens C,Kuijper EJ,European C

    更新日期:2016-07-21 00:00:00

  • Imported dengue virus serotype 1 from Madeira to Finland 2012.

    abstract::Imported dengue cases originating from the Madeiran outbreak are increasingly reported. In 2012 five Finnish travellers returning from Madeira were diagnosed with dengue fever. Viral sequence data was obtained from two patients. The partial C-preM sequences (399 and 396 bp respectively) were found similar to that of a...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Huhtamo E,Korhonen E,Vapalahti O

    更新日期:2013-02-21 00:00:00

  • Summer music and arts festivals as hot spots for measles transmission: experience from England and Wales, June to October 2016.

    abstract::We report 52 cases of measles linked to music and arts festivals in England and Wales, between mid-June and mid-October 2016. Nearly half were aged 15 to 19 years. Several individuals who acquired measles at one festival subsequently attended another festival while infectious, resulting in multiple interlinked outbrea...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.44.30390

    authors: le Polain de Waroux O,Saliba V,Cottrell S,Young N,Perry M,Bukasa A,Ramsay M,Brown K,Amirthalingam G

    更新日期:2016-11-03 00:00:00

  • End-of-season influenza vaccine effectiveness in adults and children, United Kingdom, 2016/17.

    abstract::IntroductionThe United Kingdom is in the fourth season of introducing a universal childhood influenza vaccine programme. The 2016/17 season saw early influenza A(H3N2) virus circulation with care home outbreaks and increased excess mortality particularly in those 65 years or older. Virus characterisation data indicate...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.44.17-00306

    authors: Pebody R,Warburton F,Ellis J,Andrews N,Potts A,Cottrell S,Reynolds A,Gunson R,Thompson C,Galiano M,Robertson C,Gallagher N,Sinnathamby M,Yonova I,Correa A,Moore C,Sartaj M,de Lusignan S,McMenamin J,Zambon M

    更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00

  • European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS): susceptibility testing of invasive Staphylococcus aureus.

    abstract::Over 400 laboratories participate in EARSS (European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System) and send data to the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in The Netherlands. Data on about 14 000 isolates of Staphylococcus aure ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/esm.05.03.00024-en

    authors: Veldhuijzen I,Bronzwaer SL,Degener J,Kool JL,Les Participants De EARSS \/ EARSS Participants

    更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00

  • Surveillance of listeria infections in Europe.

    abstract::In addition to the economic consequences and threats associated with outbreaks, listeriosis remains of great public health concern, as it has one of the highest case fatality rates of all the foodborne infections (20%-30%), and has common source epidemic potential. Changes in the way food is produced, distributed and ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/esm.10.10.00572-en

    authors: de Valk H,Jacquet C,Goulet V,Vaillant V,Perra A,Simon F,Desenclos JC,Martin P

    更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00

  • Viral hepatitis among men who have sex with men, epidemiology and public health consequences.

    abstract::Viral hepatitis causes major disease burden worldwide, due to the chronic hepatitis sequelae: cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. Transmission of viral hepatitis is a problem not only in low-income countries, but also in high-income ones where viral hepatitis is a frequently occurring infection among men who have sex ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/ese.14.47.19421-en

    authors: Urbanus AT,van Houdt R,van de Laar TJ,Coutinho RA

    更新日期:2009-11-26 00:00:00

  • Decreasing incidence and changes in serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease in persons aged under 18 years since introduction of 10-valent and 13-valent conjugate vaccines in Portugal, July 2008 to June 2012.

    abstract::The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) became available in Portugal in mid-2009 and the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in early 2010. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients aged under 18 years decreased from 8.19 cases per 100,000 in 2008–09 to 4.52/100,000 in 2011–12. However, IPD i...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.12.20750

    authors: Aguiar SI,Brito MJ,Horacio AN,Lopes JP,Ramirez M,Melo-Cristino J,Portuguese Group for the Study of Streptococcal Infections.,Portuguese Study Group of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease of the Paediatric Infectious Disease Society.

    更新日期:2014-03-27 00:00:00

  • Setting up an enhanced surveillance of newly acquired hepatitis C infection in men who have sex with men: a pilot in London and South East region of England.

    abstract::Preliminary findings suggest ongoing HCV transmission among MSM infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and that enhanced surveillance for newly acquired HCV in MSM is feasible. ...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Ruf M,Cohuet S,Maguire H,Brant LJ,Ramsay M,Lattimore S,Delpech V,SNAHC Steering Group.

    更新日期:2008-11-20 00:00:00

  • Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: is risk increasing in Europe?

    abstract::In most European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) countries, between 2010 and 2012, reports of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses among people who inject drugs have been stable or declining. HIV outbreaks in Greece and Romania, first reported in 2011, continue and economic conditions hinder provis...

    journal_title:Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.48.20648

    authors: Hedrich D,Kalamara E,Sfetcu O,Pharris A,Noor A,Wiessing L,Hope V,Van de Laar M

    更新日期:2013-11-28 00:00:00