Abstract:
:Results from prevalence, case-control, angiographic and echocardiographic investigations incriminate elevated fibrinogen levels as a strong independent risk factor for the occurrence of initial and recurrent cardiovascular events. Average fibrinogen levels are higher in women and persons with other risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, obesity, elevated haematocrit value and dyslipidaemia. Fibrinogen tends to cluster with most of these major atherogenic cardiovascular risk factors and further enhances their risk. Prospective data indicate a relationship between fibrinogen and the subsequent development of all the major atherosclerotic cardiovascular events including coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral artery disease. Fibrinogen adds to the multivariate risk of cardiovascular events, especially in the high risk subset of the population. In the Framingham Heart Study, a comparison of risk gradients, exemplified by their regression coefficients, was similar for all outcomes (coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular disease) in men, whereas, in women, the risk gradient for fibrinogen appeared weakest for stroke. Fibrinogen exerts an independent influence on the frequency of cardiovascular disease in general, and coronary heart disease in particular. For example, in both men and women, each standard deviation increase in fibrinogen level (about 0.56 g/L) within the range of usual values is associated with about a 20% age- and risk factor-adjusted increase in the incidence of an initial cardiovascular event. Fibrinogen should be added to the list of major atherogenic cardiovascular risk factors; in addition, there is a need for intervention trials designed to test the efficacy of lowering fibrinogen in individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
journal_name
Drugsjournal_title
Drugsauthors
Kannel WBdoi
10.2165/00003495-199700543-00006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-01-01 00:00:00pages
32-40eissn
0012-6667issn
1179-1950journal_volume
54 Suppl 3pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
DRUGS文献大全abstract::Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the US. Primary prevention of stroke can be achieved by control of risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, elevated cholesterol levels and smoking. Approximately one-third of all ischaemic strokes occur in patients with a history of stroke or transient ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200565040-00003
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The oral deoxyguanosine nucleoside analogue entecavir (Baraclude®) has potent activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and a high genetic barrier to resistance. This article reviews the clinical efficacy and tolerability of entecavir in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients with decompensated liver disease,...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11208510-000000000-00000
更新日期:2011-12-24 00:00:00
abstract::Tuberculosis continues to be a major cause of disease and death throughout the developing world. Chemotherapy is the current method of control but with the continuing emergence of drug resistance, coupled with the reticence of major drug companies to invest in drug discovery, the identification of new vaccines to comb...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-200565170-00002
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The emergence of antibiotic resistance is primarily due to excessive and often unnecessary use of antibiotics in humans and animals. Risk factors for the spread of resistant bacteria in hospitals and the community can be summarised as over-crowding, lapses in hygiene or poor infection control practices. Increasing ant...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199855030-00001
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sitagliptin (Januvia(®), Xelevia™, Glactiv(®), Tesavel(®)) is an orally administered, potent and highly selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and was the first agent of its class to be approved for use in the management of adults with type 2 diabetes. Numerous randomized placebo- or active comparator-c...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0169-1
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since an earlier review in the Journal substantial additional data have accumulated, further clarifying the in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic profile, clinical efficacy and tolerability of teicoplanin. Recent therapeutic trials confirm the efficacy of teicoplanin in the treatment of microbiologically confirmed Gram-p...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199447050-00008
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Irinotecan (CPT-II) is a semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin. It and other camptothecin analogues/derivatives appear to exert their antitumour activity by binding to topoisomerase I. The active metabolite of irinotecan, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), has demonstrated potent growth inhibition of human col...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199652040-00013
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The occurrence of late side effects of long term levodopa therapy (fluctuations in motor performance, abnormal movements, and symptoms unresponsive to dihydroxyphenylalanine) led to the search for novel anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Dopamine agonists are one of the newer families of anti-Parkinsonian agents, and they inclu...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199346030-00005
更新日期:1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pain is associated with emotional and physical suffering that severely impacts quality of life. Many guidelines for the treatment of moderate to severe cancer pain indicate the use of opioids. For a small proportion of the global population, opioids are readily accessible, but are consequently also subject to risk of ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01342-8
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy is based on a 'symptomatic' therapy that includes ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and on an 'aetiological' therapy aimed at modulating underlying immunological mechanisms. The role of the latter is still debated given the usually indolent course of ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200969100-00002
更新日期:2009-07-09 00:00:00
abstract::Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. In the United States, approximately 0.1 % of the population experiences an initial VTE event each year. Anticoagulation therapy is the cornerstone of acute VTE treatment and for prevention of recurrent VTE events. Conven...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0301-x
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of digitalis in congestive heart failure with normal sinus rhythm is still debated. While older uncontrolled, withdrawal studies from 1969 to 1983 provided incomplete data, with poorly documented clinical status and poor haemodynamic and exercise data, some patients did improve clinically when digitalis treatm...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199855060-00002
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Trifluridine (trifluorothymidine) is an antiviral agent for topical use in the eye, and is structurally related to idoxuridine. In vitro studies have shown that it effectively inhibits the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1, which causes primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis in man. I...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-198223050-00001
更新日期:1982-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calcitonin is a peptide hormone secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid gland. A major physiological function of the hormone appears to be the protection of the skeleton against resorption in humans. It thus opposes the resorptive actions of parathyroid hormone and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. This action is utilised pharm...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-198121040-00002
更新日期:1981-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The increasing incidence of systemic fungal infections and rising medical costs have highlighted the need for an economic appraisal of antifungal agents to determine the most cost-effective therapeutic option. Cost savings derived from the prophylactic or empirical use of antifungal agents have been difficult to estim...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200161001-00005
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although venous thromboembolism has occasionally been reported after hospital discharge in patients who have undergone total hip replacement (THR), this risk has not been fully quantified and the usefulness of a prophylactic treatment has not been evaluated. We conducted a single-centre prospective randomised double-b...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00003495-199600527-00009
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transdermal nicotine delivery systems are a cigarette smoking cessation aid designed to deliver nicotine into the systemic circulation via the skin. The partial replacement of plasma nicotine, which would have otherwise been obtained from cigarettes, reduces the severity of nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and so allows ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199244030-00011
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Ceftriaxone is a parenteral third-generation cephalosporin with a long elimination half-life which permits once-daily administration. It has good activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria spp. Although active ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200262070-00005
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Healthcare systems are in flux throughout the world. Traditional structures and attitudes are changing. The balance of power between political bodies, payers, providers and patients is being destabilised. New approaches by governments and forward integration by drug companies and payers into care management are all ma...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-199600522-00014
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Numerous studies report the relationship between aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and cancer incidence, in particular for colorectal cancer. This paper systematically reviews the evidence of the effect of aspirin and other NSAIDs on the primary prevention of colorectal and other gastrointest...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200262060-00006
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vemurafenib is the first molecularly targeted therapy to be licensed in the US and Europe for treatment of advanced melanoma. Its mechanism of action involves selective inhibition of the mutated BRAF V600E kinase that leads to reduced signalling through the aberrant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Its...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11640870-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-12-03 00:00:00
abstract::Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder arising from mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. The resulting over-activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway leaves patients with TSC susceptible to the growth of non-malignant tumours in multiple organs. Previously, surgery was t...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0552-9
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of functionally related zinc-containing enzymes that denature and degrade fibrillar collagens and other components of the extracellular matrix. Myocardial extracellular matrix remodelling and fibrosis regulated by MMPs are believed to be important contributors to the progr...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200161090-00002
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rapid progress has recently been encountered in pharmacologically treating the unborn baby. This unique area of drug therapy raises new methodological and ethical questions. This article is a systematic review of known modalities of fetal pharmacotherapy, and aims to highlight essential principles, difficulties and co...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200262050-00004
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A somatropin preparation (Zorbtive) produced by recombinant DNA technology has been evaluated in patients with short bowel syndrome. Somatropin is thought to enhance intestinal adaptation in this condition through direct or indirect effects on the intestine. In a randomised, double-blind study in patients with short b...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200464120-00008
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in normal subjects, and in patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction are reviewed. After intravenous administration of 2 g of cefoperazone, levels in serum ranged from 202 to 375 microgram/ml depending on the period of drug administration. After intramuscular injection of 2 g of ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-198100221-00010
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Candesartan cilexetil is converted to the angiotensin II receptor antagonist candesartan during absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. The selective and competitive binding of candesartan to the angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor prevents binding of angiotensin II, a key mediator in the renin-angiot...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200262080-00016
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with oncogene-driven lung cancer have limited therapeutic options after progressing on their targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Given the growing role of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in the treatment of lung cancer, oncogene-driven cancer has warranted further evaluation regarding ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01320-0
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Levonorgestrel 6-capsule subdermal implants (Norplant) are an effective form of reversible contraception. When implanted under the skin of the upper arm, they release drug into the circulation at a relatively constant rate over 5 years. Generally, the cumulative pregnancy rate at the end of 5 years' levonorg...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199855060-00019
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pentamidine is an aromatic diamidine derivative which has become one of the standard therapies for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), particularly in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, with parenteral administration of the drug there is a high risk of toxicity. Inhaled pentamidine pro...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199039050-00008
更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00