Abstract:
UNLABELLED:Ceftriaxone is a parenteral third-generation cephalosporin with a long elimination half-life which permits once-daily administration. It has good activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria spp. Although active against Enterobacteriaceae, the recent spread of derepressed mutants which hyperproduce chromosomal beta-lactamases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases has diminished the activity of all third-generation cephalosporins against these pathogens necessitating careful attention to sensitivity studies. Extensive data from randomised clinical trials confirm the efficacy of ceftriaxone in serious and difficult-to-treat community-acquired infections including meningitis, pneumonia and nonresponsive acute otitis media. Ceftriaxone also has efficacy in other community-acquired infections including uncomplicated gonorrhoea, acute pyelonephritis and various infections in children. In the nosocomial setting, extensive data also confirm the efficacy of ceftriaxone with or without an aminoglycoside in serious Gram-negative infections, pneumonia, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and as surgical prophylaxis. Outpatient use of ceftriaxone, either as part of a step-down regimen or parenterally, is a distinguishing feature of the data gathered on the agent over the last decade. The review focuses on new applications of the drug and its use in infections in which the causative pathogens or their resistance patterns have changed over the past decade. Ceftriaxone has a good tolerability profile, the most common events being diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, candidiasis and rash. Ceftriaxone may cause reversible biliary pseudolithiasis, notably at higher dosages of the drug (>/=2 g/day); however, the incidence of true lithiasis is <0.1%. Injection site discomfort or phlebitis can occur after intramuscular or intravenous administration. CONCLUSIONS:As a result of its strong activity against S. pneumoniae, ceftriaxone holds an important place, either alone or as part of a combination regimen, in the treatment of invasive pneumococcal infections, including those with reduced beta-lactam susceptibility. Its once-daily administration schedule allows simplification of otherwise complex regimens in a hospital setting and has also contributed to its popularity as a parenteral agent in an ambulatory setting. These properties, together with a well characterised tolerability profile, mean that ceftriaxone is likely to retain its place as an important third-generation cephalosporin in the treatment of serious community-acquired and nosocomial infections.
journal_name
Drugsjournal_title
Drugsauthors
Lamb HM,Ormrod D,Scott LJ,Figgitt DPdoi
10.2165/00003495-200262070-00005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-01-01 00:00:00pages
1041-89issue
7eissn
0012-6667issn
1179-1950pii
620705journal_volume
62pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
DRUGS文献大全abstract::Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a variable disease course and response to therapy. Some infected patients may develop little or no disease for 30 to 40 years, whereas others will develop cirrhosis within 5 to 10 years. Both host and viral factors influence the rate of disease progression. The mana...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199600522-00003
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immune checkpoint inhibition of programmed-death receptor 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) has become a standard in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, either as monotherapy or in combination. Recently, it could be shown that immunotherapy works as consolidation after chemoradiotherapy in locally adv...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01222-w
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Varicella zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpesvirus family, is responsible for both primary (varicella, chickenpox) as well as reactivation (zoster, shingles) infections. In immunocompetent patients, the course of varicella is generally benign. For varicella zoster, post-herpetic neuralgia is the most common com...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199957020-00005
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concept of balanced analgesia was introduced to improve analgesic efficacy and reduce adverse effects. A large amount of clinical data has documented improved analgesia by combining different analgesics, but data on reducing adverse effects are inconclusive. Balanced analgesia should be used whenever possible, and...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199958050-00002
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endothelium is involved in both the physiological regulation of vascular tone and the structural transformation of the vessel under pathological conditions. Under physiological conditions, endothelial cells continuously secrete nitric oxide (NO), which relaxes smooth muscle cells and ensures vessel patency. Damage...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199700531-00003
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus patients, hyperglycaemia is independently related to the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Glycaemic targets and the benefits of intensive versus conventional glucose control are under debate. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the rand...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11585220-000000000-00000
更新日期:2010-12-03 00:00:00
abstract::Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combines an angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker with a thiazide diuretic to produce additive blood pressure reductions without major effects on heart rate. HCTZ did not significantly alter valsartan pharmacokinetics; during combination therapy, HCTZ pharmacokinetics differed from t...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199957050-00008
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alteplase is the product of recombinant DNA technology and is chemically identical to endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator: Plasminogen is converted to plasmin by alteplase, and fibrinolysis of blood thrombi is subsequently stimulated. Alteplase is now firmly established as a treatment of choice in the managem...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199550020-00007
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute infectious diarrhoea is the major killer of children in the Third World. It is also the principal cause of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age. More than 4 million children die each year of diarrhoea and its complications. Acute diarrhoea kills by causing dehydration, which leads to hypovolaemia and me...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-198800364-00003
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in the adult has now been fully recognised as a clinical entity characterised by abnormal body composition, osteopenia, impaired quality of life, cardiac dysfunction and an adverse lipid profile. While short-term studies of GH replacement have demonstrated irrefutably a favourable effec...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200262160-00006
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cisatracurium besilate (besylate) is a nondepolarising neuromuscular blocking agent with an intermediate duration of action. It is the R-cis, R'-cis isomer of atracurium besilate and is approximately 3-fold more potent than the mixture of isomers that constitute the parent drug. The ED95 for cisatracurium besilate (do...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199753050-00012
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluticasone furoate nasal spray is a new topical intranasal corticosteroid with enhanced affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor and low systemic exposure, which was recently approved in the US for the treatment of seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis in adults and in children aged >or=2 years. Fluticasone furoate...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767130-00010
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Budesonide is a glucocorticoid with high topical activity, but low systemic bio-availability which results in reduced systemic effects in comparison with other glucocorticoids. To date, it has been evaluated for use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease when administered either orally as a controlled ileal relea...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199550050-00006
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common causes of mild illness in immunocompetent children and adults, with occasional significant morbidity or mortality in the very young, very old or infirm. However, recipients of solid organ transplants (SOT) or haematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) are at marked...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767100-00004
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Azelnidipine is a new dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist with selectivity for L-type calcium channels that has recently been approved in Japan for the treatment of patients with hypertension. Results from clinical trials showed that, in 95 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension, long-term treatment with a...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200363230-00004
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gefitinib (Iressa) is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that offers treatment for patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in particular in those who are harbouring EGFR mutations. In a large phase III trial (IPASS) in chemotherapy-naive Asian ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/10489100-000000000-00000
更新日期:2009-11-12 00:00:00
abstract::Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia(®)) is a recombinant, polyethylene glycolylated, antigen-binding fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively targets and neutralizes tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The drug is indicated for subcutaneous use every 2 or 4 weeks (q2w or q4w) for the treatment of adults with mo...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0009-3
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of infection in clean surgery (i.e. surgery with no major contamination of the operative site) should be less than 2%, although the incidence of postoperative infections can be higher in patients with various risk factors (namely insertion of foreign bodies, a compromised immune status or prolonged durat...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199700546-00008
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) is a heterogeneous entity usually embracing T3-4 and/or pelvic lymph-node-positive disease in the absence of established metastases. Outcomes for LAPC with single therapies have traditionally been poor, leading to the investigation of adjuvant therapies. Prostate cancer is a hor...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11591500-000000000-00000
更新日期:2011-05-28 00:00:00
abstract::Immunotherapies have shown remarkable success in the treatment of multiple cancer types; however, despite encouraging preclinical activity, registration trials of immunotherapy in prostate cancer have largely been unsuccessful. Sipuleucel-T remains the only approved immunotherapy for the treatment of asymptomatic or m...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01456-z
更新日期:2020-12-28 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Authorization of orphan medicinal products (OMPs) is often based on studies with several methodological shortcomings. Hence, data are difficult to interpret and efficacy does not always correspond to real-world effectiveness. We investigated to what extent an efficacy-effectiveness gap exists for OMPs for ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0788-z
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxatomide is an orally active H1-histamine receptor antagonist which, as appears to occur with some other antihistamines, also inhibits mast cell degranulation. Oxatomide has demonstrated response rates similar to those with other more established members of its drug class in a few studies of chronic urticaria and all...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-198427030-00003
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endothelin family of peptides are extremely potent endogenous vasoconstrictor and pressor agents. Of the 3 isoforms, endothelin-1 is the major isoform produced by the vascular endothelium and is, therefore, likely to be of most importance for regulation of vascular function. Two endothelin receptor subtypes have s...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199651010-00003
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several antihypertensive agents such as thiazide diuretics and some beta-blockers have recently been shown to adversely affect lipid metabolism. Moreover, there is a growing suspicion that the adverse effect on plasma lipids might outweigh the favourable effect of lowering blood pressure. The effect of ketanserin tart...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-198800361-00006
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 'funny' (pacemaker, I(f)) current, first described almost 30 years ago in sinoatrial node (SAN) myocytes, is a mixed sodium/potassium inward current, activated on hyperpolarisation in the diastolic range of voltages. 'Funny' (f) channels are activated by intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentr...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767002-00003
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer death in industrialised countries, with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Good patient performance status is associated with a significantly improved prognosis, whereas the presence of metastases, particularly to the bone or liver, is asso...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199200444-00006
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a double-blind, crossover study we have investigated the effect of nedocromil sodium on neurokinin A (NKA)-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. 12 patients with mild asthma inhaled either nedocromil sodium 4mg or placebo, on 2 separate days, as 2 puffs from a metered-dose aerosol 30 minutes before challenge w...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-198900371-00019
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a symptom of an underlying condition, cough is one of the most common reasons patients see physicians. To the majority, a cough means that 'something is wrong' and it causes exhaustion and/or self-consciousness. Patients find these reasons as well as effects on lifestyle, fear of cancer and/or AIDS or tuberculosis ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199346010-00006
更新日期:1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The allergic reaction to a specific antigen is characterised by a series of complex immunological processes consisting of an early specific immune response and a late inflammatory reaction. The release of active substances (principally histamine) from cytoplasmic granules of mast cells and basophils in response to ant...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199600521-00003
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Health behaviors such as retention in HIV medical care and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) pose major challenges to reducing new HIV infections, addressing health disparities, and improving health outcomes. Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Service Use provides a conceptual framework for understanding ho...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40265-015-0373-2
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00