Abstract:
:Nineteen adjuvants, many used as surfactants for aquatic herbicide applications, were applied in static bioassay to bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) for 96 h to determine median lethal concentrations (LC50). Surfactants are added to the tank mix as a percentage (v/v) of the total volume, in contrast to herbicide application rates, which are usually expressed in kilograms per hectare. Two ethoxylated tallow amine products were the most toxic, having LC50 values of 1.6 and 2.9 ppm (all values v/v). Seven alcohol/glycol-based surfactants had 96-h LC50 values of 4.0 to 11.6 ppm (mean = 7.9 ppm). The polysiloxane- or silicone-based surfactants had toxicities of 18.1 to 29.7 ppm (mean = 24.7). Two limonene-based products had LC50 values of 10.2 and 30.2 ppm. A methylated seed oil with emulsifier had a LC50 of 53.1 ppm. Two acid/buffer utility adjuvants had LC50 values of 60.8 and 221 ppm. To compare the relative safety of the tested surfactants, we assumed maximum label rate applications to 1 m deep water with uniform mixing. This comparison of relative safety is based on mortality to 50% of the test organisms and does not imply application rates that would not result in any mortality. The two ethoxylated tallow amines, neither used or recommended for aquatic applications, had a relative safety factor of 12.6 or less. Relative safety factor varied from 6.2 to 20.4 for the seven alcohol/glycol surfactants, 38.4 to 63.2 for silicone-based products, 5.5 to 16.1 for limonene products, 113 for methylated seed oil, and 132.2 to 315.7 for acid/buffer utility adjuvants. When used according to label recommendations under normal use conditions, these adjuvants should not be present in acutely toxic concentrations; however, the most toxic adjuvants in very shallow water (< 10 cm) would be toxic to bluegill sunfish that did not move to deeper water to avoid lethal concentrations.
journal_name
Environ Toxicol Chemjournal_title
Environmental toxicology and chemistryauthors
Haller WT,Stocker RKsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-03-01 00:00:00pages
615-9issue
3eissn
0730-7268issn
1552-8618journal_volume
22pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is regularly detected in surface waters. To support a robust aquatic risk assessment, two early life stage (ELS) tests, compliant with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline 210, were conducted in rainb...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.2085
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microcystins (MCs) are potent hepatotoxins acting by the inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, and may promote liver tumors. Moreover, studies also suggest they are nephrotoxic. The aim of the present study was to assess possible in vitro effects of microcystin-LR (which contains the amino acids leucine and argi...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.87
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study assessed and compared the oxidative and reductive biotransformation of brominated flame retardants, including established polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and emerging decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) using an in vitro system based on liver microsomes from various arctic marine-feeding mammals:...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.535
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Currently, environmental studies describing levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in imported shrimp are limited, particularly studies of aquaculture shrimp. In the present study, we measured concentrations of the 209 PCB congeners in 84 uncooked, warm-water shrimp samples from the United States and 14 other coun...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.1803
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A feasible method has been optimized to simultaneously determine multiclass antibiotic residues, including sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol in urban riverine water and wastewater by off-line solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array ul...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1897/06-650.1
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intersex in wild fish populations has received considerable attention in the scientific literature and public media. Conventional detection of testicular oocytes, the presence of immature oocytes within testis of male fish, commonly employs transverse sectioning of excised testis and is lethal. The present study used ...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.3716
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The isolated effects of a single insecticide can be difficult to assess in natural settings because of the presence of numerous pollutants in many watersheds. Imidacloprid use for suppressing hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in forests offers a rare opportunity to assess potentia...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.3887
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A dark, toxic leachate has been observed around woodpiles of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) cut in winter for pulp or structural lumber. We measured production of leachate from 18 m3 of harvestable aspen logs stacked in an open field near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada. The logpile began producin...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1897/02-183
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natural organic matter (NOM) can interact with engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment and modify their behavior and toxicity to organisms. In the present study, the phytotoxicity of copper oxide (CuO) NPs to rice seedlings in the presence of humic acid as a model NOM was investigated. The results showed tha...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.3016
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine whether the bioavailability of trace elements derived from coal ash leachates varies with the geochemical conditions associated with their formation, we quantified periphyton bioaccumulation and subsequent trophic transfer to the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer. Oxic ash incubations favored periphyton uptak...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.3864
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study evaluated the interactions of flight, fasting, and 1,1,1-trichloro-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT) loading on residue metabolism and distribution in recently exposed white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). Female sparrows were dosed with 5 mg p,p'-DDT per kg body weight over 3 d. Following 1 d...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.730
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and its degradation products are important contaminants of world water systems and have effects on aquatic life. These effects are modulated by the degradation of atrazine, which depends, in part, on its reactivity with soil minerals. We have studied the deg...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1897/04-248r.1
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) such as caffeine and sulfamethoxazole have been detected in the estuarine environment. The present study characterized effects of a maternal exposure of these compounds on the development of the daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio from embryo to juvenile life ...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.2669
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from industrial use, discharged via the land application of sewage sludge, are interacting with soil biota, including earthworms. In affected organisms, excessive production of reactive oxygen species can result in lipid peroxidation, shifting the balance between oxidants and antioxidants ...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.4713
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been detected widely in surface waters in North America and Europe. The impact of diclofenac on river biofilm communities was investigated at exposures of 10 and 100 microg L(-1) of diclofenac or its molar equivalent in carbon and nutrients. Experime...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1897/06-340r.1
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reproductive biology of amphipods is reviewed to update the knowledge of the male and female reproductive processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis as well as the endocrine systems of amphipods with the aim of advancing studies of reproductive toxicology. The ovarian and reproduction cycles of female gammaridean ...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/etc.673
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diluted bitumen (dilbit; the product of oil sands extraction) is transported through freshwater ecosystems critical to Pacific salmon. This is concerning, because crude oil disrupts cardiac development, morphology, and function in embryonic fish, and cardiac impairment in salmon can have major consequences on migrator...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.3533
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), a new polycyclic polynitramine, has the same functional nitramine groups (N-NO2) as the widely used energetic chemicals hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (royal demolition explosive [RDX]) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (high-melting explosive...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1897/054-188r.1
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To develop a multimetal toxicity model requires insight into the relationships between the composition of metal mixtures and their toxicological effects on organisms. As a first step in developing such a model, quantitative data from binary and higher mixture studies of Cu, Cd, and Zn were compiled and used to assess ...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/etc.499
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) is a computerized model system to facilitate and harmonize health and environmental risk assessment of previously notified and new substances. For calculation of regional background exposure, a multimedia distribution model is used. In the present stud...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1897/03-529
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::High concentrations (300 ng/L) of androstenedione (A4) were identified in snowmelt runoff from fields fertilized with manure from livestock feeding operations in Wisconsin, USA. In fishes, A4 is an active androgen and substrate for biosynthesis of functional androgens (e.g., testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone) and e...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.3092
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microplastics are emerging threat contaminants that have been shown to provide toxic pollutants, either from the environment or from their inherent toxic monomers and additives, a pathway into the aquatic food web. In the present study, the occurrence, abundance, and composition of microplastic load in the surface wat...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.4677
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We raised embryos and tadpoles of green frogs (Rana clamitans melanota) and leopard frogs (R. pipiens) in situ along a contamination gradient in the Fox River/Green Bay ecosystem (WI, USA). Differences in exposure were reflected by significant positive regressions between concentrations in sediment and in frogs of pol...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1897/04-213r.1
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been argued that current approaches for ecological risk assessment (ERA) do not provide value relevance for risk managers and that the uncertainty in the predictions is large. One important reason for this is that current approaches are based on individual-level endpoints, but the environmental protection goals...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.636
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Urban stormwater is an important but incompletely characterized contributor to surface-water toxicity. The present study used 5 bioassays of 2 model organisms (Daphnia magna and fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas) to investigate stormwater toxicity and mitigation by full-scale iron-enhanced sand filters (IESFs). Stor...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.4227
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have indicated the potential for dietborne metals as an important exposure pathway for metal toxicity in freshwater organisms. We conducted a study in which freshwater cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia) were fed green algae (either Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata or Chlorella vulgaris) that were grown in ...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1897/07-587.1
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the present study, microbial community responses to exposure to unweathered Macondo Well crude oil and conventional diesel in a sandy beach environment were determined. Biodegradation was assessed in mesocosm experiments with differing fuel amounts (2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg) and with or without inorganic nutrient amen...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.1770
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pulp and paper mill effluents have been linked to effects on fish reproduction for more than 25 years. To date, the causes of these effects and remedial strategies have eluded investigators. Recent work has shown that the degree of reproductive effect caused by a mill effluent is related to the overall organic content...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.526
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are few studies on nanoplastic that propose quantification of the amount ingested combined with evaluation of the toxic effects on aquatic organisms. We propose 2 methods to quantify the amount of polystyrene nanoplastic (PSNP) ingested by Daphnia magna: fluorescence intensity, where a fluorescent monomer (F) is...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/etc.4528
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uptake of cadmium from water by freshwater animals has been well documented. However, little attention has been given to the importance of dietary and combined exposure as the source for uptake. In the present study, we compared cadmium uptake from waterborne (water-only), dietary (food-only), and combined (water plus...
journal_title:Environmental toxicology and chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1897/06-232r.1
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00