Abstract：
:This paper reviews previous research on sugar appetite and sugar-induced overeating and obesity in the rat, and previews new findings reported in this issue on the rat's taste and appetite for starch and starch-derived polysaccharides. A variety of behavioral methods demonstrate that rats are very attracted to the taste of sugars. At low molar concentrations their order of preference is maltose greater than sucrose greater than glucose = fructose, while at high concentrations it is sucrose greater than maltose greater than glucose = fructose. New findings indicate that rats are also very attracted to starch-derived polysaccharides, such as Polycose. In fact, Polycose is preferred to sucrose and maltose at low concentrations, and is second only to sucrose in preference at high concentrations. Furthermore, rats taste Polycose as qualitatively different from sucrose. These and other findings suggest that rats as well as other rodents have different taste receptors for sugar and starch. The role of these two taste systems in carbohydrate-induced overeating and obesity is discussed. Rats tend to overeat and become obese when fed sugar or polysaccharide diets, but this response depends critically on the form of the diet. Presenting the carbohydrate as a solution or gel supplement to the diet is much more effective in promoting hyperphagia and obesity than is presenting it as a powder supplement or as part of a composite diet. The differential response to hydrated and dehydrated foods may occur because carbohydrates are absorbed at a faster rate in hydrated forms than in dehydrated forms. The postingestive actions of carbohydrates also modulate the rat's preference for carbohydrate tastes and flavors. Other factors that influence carbohydrate appetite and intake include the availability of the carbohydrate source and the macronutrient composition of the diet. Thus, several factors in addition to taste determine the response of rats to carbohydrate foods.
journal_name
Neurosci Biobehav Revjournal_title
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviewsauthors
Sclafani Asubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1987-07-01 00:00:00pages
131-53issue
2eissn
0149-7634issn
1873-7528pii
S0149-7634(87)80019-2journal_volume
11pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted across studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation to investigate corticospinal excitability and inhibition in response to a dual task (DT). Quantitative analysis was performed on eleven controlled studies that had included healthy participants over the age of...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.017
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While the question whether free will exists or not has concerned philosophers for centuries, empirical research on this question is relatively young. About 35 years ago Benjamin Libet designed an experiment that challenged the common intuition of free will, namely that conscious intentions are causally efficacious. Li...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.024
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) emphasizes the need for sensitive biomarkers. Memory, a core deficit in AD, involves the interaction of distributed brain networks. We propose that biomarkers should be sought at the level of disease-specific disturbances in large-scale neural networks instead of a...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.009
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The benchmark discovery of the cingulate gyrus as a brain structure receiving stimuli from muscles and viscera (proprioception and interoception) is traced to a 1907/1908 article by neuropathologist Christfried Jakob. Further, the involvement of the mamillary bodies, anterior thalamic nucleus, cingulate cortex and hip...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.013
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cognitive states that underlie animal behavior may include conscious, subjective, mental experiences. Familiar arguments to the contrary are inconclusive. Interactive communication between social animals may well include the exchange of information about subjective feelings and thoughts. Objective data about the s...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(85)90008-9
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Predicting and anticipating disturbances in higher level gait is particularly relevant for patients with dementia as higher level gait appears to be closely related to higher level cognitive functioning. A phenomenon that could contribute to the understanding and prediction of disturbances in higher level gait and gai...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.009
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This model of hippocampal function describes the bilaterally symmetrical interactions of the various intrahippocampal populations of neurons that are functionally homogeneous (septal and entorhinal sources of input, granule cells, CA field pyramids cells, and basket cells). Activity of each homogeneous population is d...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(80)90033-0
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review summarizes the postural development in the rat and the influences of vestibular deprivation from the 5th postnatal day on this development. Vestibular deprivation leads to a delay in motor development. Most probably this delay is caused by a delay in the development of postural control, which is characteri...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00045-6
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite being considered primarily a mood disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by cognitive and decision making deficits. Recent research has employed computational models of reinforcement learning (RL) to address these deficits. The computational approach has the advantage in making explicit pre...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.005
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stress encompasses profound psychological and physiological changes that are observable on all levels, from cellular mechanisms, humoral changes, and brain activation to subjective experience and behavior. While the impact of stress on health has already been studied for decades, a more recent field of research has re...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.026
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:MDMA ("ecstasy") is widely used as a recreational drug, although there has been some debate about its neurotoxic effects in humans. However, most studies have investigated subjects with heavy use patterns, and the effects of transient MDMA use are unclear. In this review, we therefore focus on subjects with moderate u...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.010
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) contain a circadian system consisting of circadian oscillator (clock) that is normally synchronized by the light/dark cycle (input) and drives circadian rhythms (output) that are intrinsic to the SCN. Gene expression of immediate-early genes, such as c-fos and jun-B, in the ventrolater...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(94)90044-2
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present paper provides an overview of findings that implicate growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SS), the two peptides that regulate growth hormone secretion, in the central regulation of feeding. Evidence is presented that GHRH and SS increase food intake, in the rat, via a common centrally...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(94)90055-8
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Both Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and Parkinson's disease are associated with decreased brain dopamine, yet each disorder is characterized by a different set of motor symptoms. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is manifested in early childhood, while parkinsonism usually does not appear until adulthood, suggesting that age at the time of ...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00040-1
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this review is to illustrate how a reductionistic, but sophisticated, approach based on the use of a simple model system such as the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis), might be useful to address fundamental questions in learning and memory. L. stagnalis, as a model, provides an interesting pla...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.020
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The zebrafish is becoming increasingly well utilized in several fields of biology, including behavioral neuroscience. This review, based upon an Outstanding Achievement Award lecture presented by the author at an IBNS conference, explores the potential reasons for the popularity of this species. First, some theoretica...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.009
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:There is a presumption that neurocognition is commonly impaired in chronic methadone exposed individuals (CM) when compared with healthy controls (HP). Additionally, it remains unclear if short term (<1year) abstinence (AP) is associated with an altered cognitive profile when compared with CM. METHOD:A ra...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.008
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Emerging plans for travel to Mars and other deep space destinations make it critical for us to understand how spaceflight affects the human brain and behavior. Research over the past decade has demonstrated two co-occurring patterns of spaceflight effects on the brain and behavior: dysfunction and adaptive plasticity....
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.017
更新日期：2021-01-14 00:00:00
abstract：:In ingestive taste reactivity analysis, the rhythmic oral motor responses observed during intraoral infusion of fluids normally ingested by rats are categorized and counted. These rhythmic movements can be likened to spout-licking in several respects. Both are emitted in the same frequency range (5-8 Hz), organized in...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(94)00023-t
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An extensive body of research suggests the spontaneous eye blink rate (EBR) is a non-invasive indirect marker of central dopamine (DA) function, with higher EBR predicting higher DA function. In the present review we provide a comprehensive overview of this literature. We broadly divide the available research in studi...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.020
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To understand the onset and the molecular mechanisms triggering dopaminergic (DA) dysregulation in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), we have used the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), the most widely studied animal model for this disease. We have studied the pattern of expression of specific genes ...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.009
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Taurine is a highly abundant "amino acid" in the brain. Despite the potential neuroactive role of taurine in vertebrates has long been recognized, the underlying molecular mechanisms related to its pleiotropic effects in the brain remain poorly understood. Due to the genetic tractability, rich behavioral repertoire, n...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.008
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent proposal of a new type of agnosia termed 'affective agnosia' extends Freud's legacy and captures the concept of not knowing one's own emotions. This concept links well with the theory of levels of emotional awareness and maps onto a hierarchical model of neural substrates of emotional experience, but does n...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.025
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Drug addiction affects approximately 10% of the population and these numbers are rising. Treatment and prevention of addiction are impeded by current diagnostic systems, such as DSM-5, which are based on outcomes rather than processes. Here, we review the importance of adopting a dimensional framework, specifically th...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.005
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity refers to the phenomenon of an enhanced physiological, behavioral or biochemical response to a DA agonist. Literature related to ontogenetic aspects of this process was reviewed. Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) destruction of rat brain DA neurons produces overt sensitization...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(94)00019-w
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is a difficult task, especially in cases where clear, physical markers of in utero alcohol exposure are not apparent. Reviewed in the following paper are some older tools for screening alcohol use in pregnancy and present novel approaches to the diagnosis of FASD, inclu...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.015
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:About 2-3% of all children are affected by mental retardation, and genetic conditions rank among the leading causes of mental retardation. Alterations in the information encoded by genes that regulate critical steps of brain development can disrupt the normal course of development, and have profound consequences on me...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00016-2
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent in the progression of both diabetes mellitus and bipolar disorder. The relationship between insulin resistance in diabetes and the risk of developing major neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease has been well described. Insulin resistance and the associated metabo...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.022
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The technology toolbox by which neural elements can be selectively manipulated in vertebrate and invertebrate brains has expanded greatly in recent years, to now include sophisticated optogenetics and novel designer receptors. Application of such tools allow for ascertaining whether a particular behavioural phenotype ...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.026
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Preclinical models of behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine are reviewed and their potential for predicting compounds with efficacy and safety in the medical management of cocaine abuse and toxicity is assessed. Many of the existing models appear to be good predictors of the effects of compounds against specific beh...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(94)90042-6
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
