Transcript analysis of stem cells.

abstract：:The epitope tagging approach offers advantages of economy, universality, and precision over the use of antibodies raised directly against a protein of interest. The latter strategy promises a potentially greater diversity of reagents and obviates the need to modify the protein, but it may not yield sufficiently high-a...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kolodziej PA,Young RA

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chloroplast genomes of land plants and algae contain generally between 100 and 150 genes. These genes are involved in plastid gene expression and photosynthesis and in various other tasks. The function of some chloroplast genes is still unknown and some of them appear to be essential for growth and survival. Repressib...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Ramundo S,Rochaix JD

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The diverse structures of polyketide natural products are reflected by the equally diverse polyketide biosynthetic enzymes, namely polyketide synthases (PKSs). Three major classes of PKSs are known-noniterative type I PKSs, iterative type II PKSs and acyl carrier protein-independent type III PKSs, each of which consis...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Cheng YQ,Coughlin JM,Lim SK,Shen B

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Structure-based protein design is a powerful technique with great potential. Challenges in two areas limit performance: structure scoring and sequence-structure searching. Many of the functions used to describe the relationship between protein sequence and energy are computationally expensive to evaluate, and the spac...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Negron C,Keating AE

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were demonstrated in the past decade as biocompatible carbon-based materials that could be efficiently used in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs). Specifically, for redox enzyme encapsulation in order to improve electron communication between enzymes and electrodes. ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Schlesinger O,Alfonta L

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are derived from preimplantation embryos. Approximately 60% of human embryos are blocked during in vitro development. Although statistics are inconclusive, experience demonstrates that hESCs are more effectively derived from high-quality embryos. In this way, optimal human embryo cul...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mercader A,Valbuena D,Simón C

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As new organisms are being sequenced on a daily basis, new DNA glycosylases that recognize DNA damage can be easily identified in an effort to understand both their phylogenetics and substrate specificities. As a practical matter, existing bacterial and human homologs need to be readily available as laboratory reagent...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Bandaru V,Blaisdell JO,Wallace SS

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Signal transduction by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) through their cognate VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases follows the consensus scheme for receptor tyrosine kinases. Thus, binding of ligand induces receptor dimerization and activation of the tyrosine kinase through transphosphorylation between receptor m...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Li X,Claesson-Welsh L,Shibuya M

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A number of different analytical techniques are now available for the isolation of apoA-I, apoA-II, and apoA-IV. The choice of a particular technique is dependent on the instrumentation available, and the quantity of isolated apolipoprotein required. The isolation and characterization of the separate isoforms and the ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Brewer HB Jr,Ronan R,Meng M,Bishop C

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Single-cell analysis of cellular contents by highly sensitive analytical instruments is known as chemical cytometry. A chemical cytometer typically samples one cell at a time, quantifies the cellular contents of interest, and then processes and reports that data. Automation adds the potential to perform this entire se...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Abraham DH,Anttila MM,Gallion LA,Petersen BV,Proctor A,Allbritton NL

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Superoxide dismutases (SODs; EC 1.15.1.1) are a group of metalloenzymes which are essential to protect cells under aerobic conditions. In biological systems, it has been reported that SODs and other proteins are susceptible to be attacked by peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) which can be originated from the reaction of nitric o...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Larrainzar E,Urarte E,Auzmendi I,Ariz I,Arrese-Igor C,González EM,Moran JF

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein glycosylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications. Numerous biological functions are related to protein glycosylation. However, analytical challenges remain in the glycoprotein analysis. To overcome the challenges associated with glycoprotein analysis, many analytical techniques were d...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Zhu R,Zacharias L,Wooding KM,Peng W,Mechref Y

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ubiquitination is a prevalent protein modification catalyzed by E1, E2, and E3 enzymes that activate, conjugate, and ligate, respectively, the ubiquitin protein to substrate protein. In order to establish a mutualistic or parasitic relationship with their eukaryotic hosts, many microorganisms hijack different aspects ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Qiu J,Luo ZQ

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus ribonuclease III (Sa-RNase III) belongs to the enzyme family known to process double-stranded RNAs consisting of two turns of the RNA helix. Although the enzyme is thought to play a role in ribosomal RNA processing and gene regulation, the deletion of the rnc gene in S. aureus does not affect cel...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Chevalier C,Huntzinger E,Fechter P,Boisset S,Vandenesch F,Romby P,Geissmann T

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T lymphocytes express on their surface a heterodimeric αβ receptor, called the T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes foreign antigens. Unlike antibodies, the recognition requires both an antigenic peptide epitope and a protein encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In contrast to conventional antibod...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Stone JD,Chervin AS,Aggen DH,Kranz DM

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the onset of the genomic era more than 1000 bacterial genomes have been sequenced and several fold more are expected to be completed in the near future. These genome sequences supply a wealth of information that can be exploited by statistical methods to gain significant insights into cellular processes. In Volu...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Lunt B,Szurmant H,Procaccini A,Hoch JA,Hwa T,Weigt M

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As for other GPCRs, the oligomerization of glycoprotein hormone receptors (GPHRs) appears as critical event for receptor function. By means of modern techniques based on the BRET or FRET principle, GPHR oligomerization has been reported to explain several physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, the p...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Bonomi M,Persani L

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article describes the methods and techniques used to produce mutagenized mice to conduct high-throughput forward genetic screens for circadian rhythm mutants in the mouse. In particular, we outline methods to safely prepare and administer the chemical mutagen N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU) to mice. We also discuss t...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Siepka SM,Takahashi JS

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated protein degradation is a key cellular defense mechanism that detects and eliminates defective proteins. A major intracellular site of protein quality control degradation is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), hence the term ER-associated degradation, or endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mashahreh B,Reiss Y,Wiener R,Ravid T

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple lipid and protein components of the plasma membrane of a living cell are organized, both compositionally and functionally, at different spatial and temporal scales. For instance, Rab protein domains in membranes the clathrin-coated pit, or the immunological synapse are exquisite examples of functional compart...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Ghosh S,Saha S,Goswami D,Bilgrami S,Mayor S

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter deals with the use of functionalized carbon nanotubes (fCNTs) as supports for the development of nanobiocatalytic systems through the immobilization of enzymes. The surface characteristics, properties and production of carbon nanotubes are described, while an analysis in their biological applications is a...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Patila M,Chalmpes N,Dounousi E,Stamatis H,Gournis D

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In vitro assembly of eukaryotic translation initiation complexes requires purification of ribosomal subunits, eukaryotic initiation factors, and initiator tRNA from natural sources and therefore yields only limited material for functional and structural studies. In this chapter, we describe a robust, affinity chromato...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Locker N,Lukavsky PJ

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autophagy is a catabolic process that is crucial for cellular homeostasis and adaptive response to changing environments. Importantly, autophagy has been shown to be induced in many longevity-associated scenarios and to be required to maintain lifespan extension. Notably, autophagy is a highly conserved cellular proce...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kainz K,Tadic J,Zimmermann A,Pendl T,Carmona-Gutierrez D,Ruckenstuhl C,Eisenberg T,Madeo F

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lead generation can be a very challenging phase of the drug discovery process. The two principal methods for this stage of research are blind screening and rational design. Among the rational or semirational design approaches, fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has emerged as a useful tool for the generation of lead...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Lanter J,Zhang X,Sui Z

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The findings in this article illustrate the complexity residing in the regulation of reversible S-glutathionylation of proteins, such as GAPDH. This is clearly reflected in the design of suitable experimental approaches designed to cope with the interaction of several redox-dependent factors. Clear interactions are de...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Cotgreave IA,Gerdes R,Schuppe-Koistinen I,Lind C

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:At least two discrete deoxyribonuclease activities can be detected during apoptotic death, one that generates 30- to 500-kilobase pair (kbp) domain-sized fragments and another that mediates internucleosomal DNA degradation. The latter nuclease has been identified as the caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD)/CPAN, ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kaufmann SH,Mesner PW Jr,Samejima K,Toné S,Earnshaw WC

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this chapter we have detailed a method that can be generalized to link virtually any DNA substrate to a chromatography matrix at its ends via an avidin-biotin linkage. We have used this technique to construct a left-handed Z-DNA column for the purpose of identification and purification of Z-DNA-binding proteins. Th...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Fishel R,Anziano P,Rich A

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peptide-based strategies represent transformative approaches to fabricate functional inorganic materials under sustainable conditions by modeling the methods exploited in biology. In general, peptides with inorganic affinity and specificity have been isolated from organisms and through biocombinatorial selection techn...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Bedford NM,Munro CJ,Knecht MR

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The study of model organisms in pure culture has provided detailed information about the physiology and biochemistry of nitrification and related processes. Metagenomic sequencing of environmental samples is providing information to what extent this understanding also applies to natural microbial communities. Here, we...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Müller S,Strous M

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Membrane fission, which divides membrane surfaces into separate compartments, is essential to diverse cellular processes including membrane trafficking and cell division. Quantitative assays are needed to elucidate the physical mechanisms by which proteins drive membrane fission. Toward this goal, several experimental...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Snead WT,Stachowiak JC

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00