Abstract：
OBJECTIVES:African American populations in the U.S. formed primarily by mating between Africans and Europeans over the last 500 years. To date, studies of admixture have focused on either a one-time admixture event or continuous input into the African American population from Europeans only. Our goal is to gain a better understanding of the admixture process by examining models that take into account (a) assortative mating by ancestry in the African American population, (b) continuous input from both Europeans and Africans, and (c) historically informed variation in the rate of African migration over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We used a model-based clustering method to generate distributions of African ancestry in three samples comprised of 147 African Americans from two published sources. We used a log-likelihood method to examine the fit of four models to these distributions and used a log-likelihood ratio test to compare the relative fit of each model. RESULTS:The mean ancestry estimates for our datasets of 77% African/23% European to 83% African/17% European ancestry are consistent with previous studies. We find admixture models that incorporate continuous gene flow from Europeans fit significantly better than one-time event models, and that a model involving continuous gene flow from Africans and Europeans fits better than one with continuous gene flow from Europeans only for two samples. Importantly, models that involve continuous input from Africans necessitate a higher level of gene flow from Europeans than previously reported. DISCUSSION:We demonstrate that models that take into account information about the rate of African migration over the past 500 years fit observed patterns of African ancestry better than alternative models. Our approach will enrich our understanding of the admixture process in extant and past populations.
journal_name
Am J Phys Anthropoljournal_title
American journal of physical anthropologyauthors
Gross JMdoi
10.1002/ajpa.23343subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-02-01 00:00:00pages
211-222issue
2eissn
0002-9483issn
1096-8644journal_volume
165pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:An extensive (n = 739) sample of well-documented male pubic bones was examined for age-related features. Using the traditional aging methods, Todd's system was found to over-age and both the Todd and the McKern-Stewart systems did not account for age variability seen in advanced pubic bone patterns. Based on a 5-year ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330690402
更新日期：1986-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Paleopathological analyses of skeletal remains have provided significant information about diet and health in prehistoric populations. A number of individuals have been recovered whose remains show evidence of impairments that would have precluded "normal" functioning, resulting in a disability. The most famous exampl...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330840402
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Movements of forelimb joints and segments during walking in the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) were analyzed using cineradiography (150 frames/sec). Metric gait parameters, forelimb kinematics, and intralimb coordination are described. Calculation of contribution of segment displacements to stance propulsion shows that ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200002)111:2<245::AID-AJPA
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new genus and species of notharctine primate, Hesperolemur actius, is described from Uintan (middle Eocene) aged rocks of San Diego County, California. Hesperolemur differs from all previously described adapiforms in having the anterior third of the ectotympanic anulus fused to the internal lateral wall of the audit...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330980406
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was designed to investigate the relationship between traditional skeletal cephalometric measurement and Fourier analysis of the lateral soft-tissue profile. A random sample of 121 untreated subjects of European descent, with wide ranges of malocclusions and underlying facial patterns, was selected in the Or...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1002/ajpa.10173
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies of skeletal development frequently document populational incidences of bilateral asymmetry. Degenerative morphological skeletal changes, attributed to age related and irregular ossification, may also progress asymmetrically, either as the result of asymmetric biomechanical factors expressed over the lifespan, ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20999
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hair slope, whorl, cross and field formation is expressible in a topological form. The mathematical description required suggests an origin for the patterns in a growth process occurring in the upper dermis which determines the patterns of the hair slope. The formulae proposed by Euler, Poincaré and Ludwig are adopted...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330460308
更新日期：1977-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endocrine studies of captive strepsirrhine primates suggest that physical environment and social factors mediate inter-individual variations in testicular function and serum testosterone (sT) in males. While these studies have made major contributions to our understanding of the individual proximate mechanisms influen...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199802)105:2<137::AID-AJPA
更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The production of structured and repetitive sounds by striking objects is a behavior found not only in humans, but also in a variety of animal species, including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). In this study we examined individual and social factors that may influence the frequency with which individuals engage in drum...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.22634
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:This study explores variation and trends in first molar enamel thickness and daily enamel secretion rates over a 2000 year period in Britain. METHODS:Permanent first molars (n = 89) from the Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Medieval periods, as well as modern-day Britain, were analyzed using standard histological me...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.24026
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To figure out which and how many systems of genetic markers should be used to control for the effects of shared population history in studies examining the association between morphology and climate and to test cranial non-metric traits as an additional source of neutral distances for such studies. MATERIAL...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.22894
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:One-male social systems are usually characterized by polygyny and reproductive exclusion by a single resident male. Sometimes, however, secondary males join these groups, and this may carry fitness costs and/or benefits to the resident male. In hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas), which live in one...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.22804
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous research has demonstrated that species and subspecies of extant chimpanzees and bonobos can be distinguished on the basis of the shape of their molar crowns. Thus, there is potential for fossil taxa, particularly fossil hominins, to be distinguished at similar taxonomic levels using molar crown morphology. Un...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.21057
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Variation in height and body proportions is relatively well-understood at the inter-population level, but less is known about intra-population variation. This study explores intra-population variation in body proportions among 172 (88 female; 84 male) adult rural Amazonians. We test the hypotheses that: (1) stunting i...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.21636
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The analysis of prehistoric human dietary habits is key for understanding the effects of paleoenvironmental changes on the evolution of cultural and social human behaviors. In this study, we compare results from zooarchaeological, stable isotope and dental calculus analyses as well as lower second molar macr...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.24128
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Stable isotope analysis has been used to investigate consumption of marine resources in a variety of terrestrial mammals, including humans, but not yet in extant nonhuman primates. We sought to test the efficacy of stable isotope analysis as a tool for such studies by comparing isotope- and observation-based...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23332
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several investigators have questioned the significance of handedness as an explanation of directional forelimb asymmetries, yet little has been done to isolate other explanatory factors. In this investigation, we analyze 61 female and 76 male rhesus macaque skeletons for evidence of age- and/or sex-associated variatio...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330830210
更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent discovery of unexpectedly ancient human remains has fuelled interest about the first dispersion of Homo outside Africa. The Dmanisi mandible is perhaps one of the most interesting findings, as it supposedly represents one of the oldest hominids outside of Africa. Recently, different interpretations have bee...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199810)107:2<145::AID-AJPA
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A brief description of the exposed middle ear from two Swartkrans specimens demonstrates the feasibility of examining the inner auditory structures of existing fossil hominid material. These Swartkrans fossils provide the first clear view of the early hominid middle ear, and their structures appear to be morphological...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330510320
更新日期：1979-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We studied patterns of genetic relatedness and paternity in moustached tamarins, small Neotropical primates living in groups of 1-4 adult males and 1-4 adult females. Generally only one female per group breeds, mating with more than one male. Twin birth are the norm. In order to examine the genetic consequences of thi...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20136
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this paper is to document and interpret urban-rural differences in mortality in the past. To this end, we used data on mortality in Wielkopolska, Poland, in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. The data on mortality in rural areas (N = 1,173,910 deceased), small towns (N = 573,903 ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20288
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Root dentine transparency (RDT) was used to estimate the ages of human subjects from 152 intact teeth. Teeth were from 134 subjects, both historical and recent, of known age and sex. The aims of this work are 1) to compare two methods of using RDT to estimate age; 2) to test the applicability of the regression formula...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330850105
更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Observations on petalial asymmetry for 190 hominoid endocasts are reported, and their statistical differences assessed. While all taxa of hominoids show asymmetries to various degrees, the patterns or combinations of petalial asymmetries are very different, with fossil hominoids and modern Homo sapiens showing an iden...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330580111
更新日期：1982-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Proportions of marine vs. terrestrial resources in prehistoric human diets in the southern Mariana Islands (Guam, Rota, Saipan), Micronesia, have been estimated by analysis of stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in bone collagen and of carbon in apatite. The isotopic composition of marine and terrestrial food...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199711)104:3<343::AID-AJPA
更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Severe iodine deficiency may lead to endemic cretinism, which is characterized by a number of abnormalities, such as mental retardation, neurological abnormalities and hearing disorders. These abnormalities may occur in various combinations, but impaired mental development is always a component. The present study was ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330530110
更新日期：1980-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evolutionary trends and population history and structure are discussed for a series of late prehistoric and historic-period skeletal samples from the Georgia coast and interior (the Guale). Phenotypic dental measurement data were collected for nine samples from the late prehistoric (AD 1200-1400) and historic (AD 1608...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.10320
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The crown morphology of 202 dental casts from living Lengua Indians is described and compared with other Amerind, Melanesian, and Caucasoid samples. The Lengua dentition shows a high Mongoloid component with little effects of possible European admixture, thus supporting the theory that despite early Franciscan and Jes...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330550409
更新日期：1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The appearance of the secondary centers of ossification was investigated in hand and foot radiographs of 112 fetal and neonatal Macaca nemestrina and a maturational index calculated using a scoring system that differentiated between the initial and later stages of ossification. Cumulative incremental curves of skeleta...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330480402
更新日期：1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:European ancestry in many populations in Latin America at autosomal loci is often higher than that from X-linked loci indicating more European male ancestry and more Amerindian female ancestry. Generally, this has been attributed to more European male gene flow but could also result from an advantage to Euro...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23220
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Pelvic features, mostly known as parturition scars, have been extensively studied in the last decades and are frequently investigated in archaeological and forensic contexts. It is still unclear, however, whether they really relate to pregnancy and birth, or whether these features are caused by other biomech...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.24196
更新日期：2020-12-09 00:00:00
