Abstract:
:The main purpose of this review article is threefold (a) to try to address the question "why are two adrenal glucocorticoids, cortisol and corticosterone, secreted by humans and other mammalian species?", (b) to outline a hypothesis that under certain physiological conditions, corticosterone has additional biochemical functions over and above those of cortisol, and (c) to emphasize the role of gastrointestinal bacteria in chemically transforming corticosterone into metabolites and that these re-cycled metabolites can be reabsorbed from the enterohepatic circuit. Cortisol and its metabolites are not secreted into the bile and thus are excluded from the enterohepatic circuit. Corticosterone was the first steroid hormone isolated from adrenal gland extracts. Many believe that corticosterone functions identically to cortisol. Yet, corticosterone causes significant sodium retention and potassium secretion in Addisonian patients, unlike cortisol. In humans, corticosterone and its metabolite, 3α,5α-TH-corticosterone, are excreted via the bile in humans where they are transformed in the intestine by anaerobic bacteria into 21-dehydroxylated products: 11β-OH-progesterone or 11β-OH-(allo)-5α-preganolones. These metabolites inhibit 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 dehydrogenase, being many-fold more potent than 3α,5α-TH-cortisol. Corticosterone has significantly lower Km's for both 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 enzymatic dehydrogenase activity, compared to cortisol. Patients diagnosed with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency have elevated blood pressure and high levels of circulating corticosterone, 3α,5α-TH-corticosterone, and their 21-dehydroxlated corticosterone derivatives. In humans, these 5α-corticosterone metabolites are likely to influence blood pressure regulation and Na(+) retention by inhibiting the rate of deactivation of cortisol by 11β-HSD isoforms.
journal_name
Steroidsjournal_title
Steroidsauthors
Morris DJdoi
10.1016/j.steroids.2015.06.017subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-10-01 00:00:00pages
32-8eissn
0039-128Xissn
1878-5867pii
S0039-128X(15)00201-9journal_volume
102pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
STEROIDS文献大全abstract::The characterization of new conjugated vitamin D metabolites in rat bile was performed using HPLC, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry combined derivatization, and GC-MS. After the administration of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) to rats, 23, 25-dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D(3) 23-glucuronide, 3-epi-24, 25-dihydro...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00087-8
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a dietary-derived weight loss supplement, competitively inhibits ATP citrate lyase (ACLY). Tamoxifen (TAM) is the most frequently used therapy for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients, but its application was restricted due to efficacy related issues. Lipid metabolic reprogr...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108656
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are nuclear receptors that are activated by thyroid hormone ligands and co-regulator proteins. Two receptor subtypes, TRalpha and TRbeta, have been suggested to play a role in numerous physiological functions. However, specificity of receptor subtype function and co-regulator interactio...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2008.11.014
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has now been more than 30 years since the laboratory verification of the localization of estrogen in certain animal tissues. Much has been learned since that time regarding the details of this process, including the presence of specific receptors for these hormones in target tissues, the mechanism of ligand binding...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-128x(93)90069-y
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 7 alpha-methyl substituent is reported to increase the binding affinity of estradiol for the estrogen receptor (ER). In order to evaluate whether this substituent would improve the in vitro binding characteristics and the in vivo tissue distribution of 18F labeled estrogens that we are developing as positron emiss...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-128x(94)90043-4
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Calcitriol, an active vitamin D metabolite, has a limited application in bone repair because of its undesirable hypercalcaemic action. However it has emerged that lithocholic acid (LCA) is a non-calcaemic vitamin D receptor ligand but whether this steroid can support osteoblast maturation has not be...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2009.07.005
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A new spirostane steroidal saponin, govanoside A (1) along with three known compounds borassoside E (2) pennogenin (3) and diosgenin (4) were isolated from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum. Their structures were elucidated through 1D, 2D-NMR spectroscopic data analysis and acid hydrolysis. Compound (2) in genus Trilliu...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.013
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::3 beta-Hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one is converted to 5-androstene-3, 17-dione by rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). We have reported on the purity of the enzyme which is eluted with pyrazole as a single homogeneous protein using an AMP-agarose affinity column. Rat liver ADH can oxidize hydroxyl groups not only at 3 b...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-128x(82)90079-4
更新日期:1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The synthesis of the esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) with three bile acids and of the cholesteryl carbonate of norethisterone are described. :This article reports the synthesis of the esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynl-17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) with 3 bile acids ...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-128x(83)90103-4
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many flavonoids and isoflavonoids have anti-diabetic effects in animal models. However, the mechanisms that are involved are generally unclear. Since 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD11Bs) play important roles in diabetes, we hypothesize that flavonoids and isoflavonoids may affect diabetes by targeting two isofo...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2018.01.013
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hepatic metabolism of 3-oxoandrost-4-ene-17 beta-carboxylic acid (etienic acid), a probable acidic catabolite of deoxycorticosterone, was investigated using rats prepared with an external biliary fistula. Metabolic products were identified by GC-MS after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and by proton nuclear mag...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-128x(92)90052-b
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Preparative chemical methods for the synthesis of eight oxidative transformation products of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and norethindrone acetate (NA) are described. The prepared materials are useful as reference materials and standards for pharmaceutical analysis of EE and NA as bulk chemical or in formulated product. Al...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(01)00149-0
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study represents a continuing effort to find a new biomarker for the diagnosis and management of prostatic cancer. Polyclonal antibodies were prepared to a peptide (CAKP) representing amino acids 28 to 43 of the 5 alpha-reductase type 2 isozyme. Using immunoaffinity-purified antibodies, the sera of 62 patients we...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(96)00184-5
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Novel androstanopyrazoles have been efficiently synthesized from steroidal β-ketoaldehydes with different arylhydrazine hydrochlorides both under acidic and basic conditions. Knorr-type transformations of 16-hydroxymethylene-dehydroepiandrosterone containing its 1,3-dicarbonyl moiety on ring D, proved to be regioselec...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2017.08.003
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The potent antiproliferative effect of progestins has been utilized in clinical regimens for treatment of endometrial proliferative disorders. The progestin infiltrated intrauterine device used as therapy for endometrial carcinoma as well as endometrial hyperplasia yields a hundred-fold increase of local progestin con...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2007.09.010
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::13beta-Ethyl-3-methoxy-17beta-ol-8,14-seco-1,3,5(10),8-gonatetraen-14-one (IIIa) was isolated and its participation in the well-known acidic cyclization process was established. ...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-128x(75)90015-x
更新日期:1975-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of progesterone, its agonists (progestin RU-5020, glucocorticoid RU-26988) and antagonist (antiprogesterone, anti-glucocorticoid RU-486) were tested on isolated fat cells in vitro. When added to the incubation medium, all four steroids decreased basal glucose oxidation. The inhibitory effect of the steroid...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-128x(88)90125-0
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of steroids contained in oral contraceptives, namely ethinylestradiol:17 alpha-ethinyl-1,3,5,(10)-estratriene-3, 17-diol (E) and norethindrone acetate:17 beta-acetoxy-17-ethinyl-4-estren-3-one (N), on cell replication and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretion by choriocarcinoma cells in monolayer cul...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(81)90197-5
更新日期:1981-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer mortality in male and female patients in the US. The etiology of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not fully defined, but new data suggest that estrogens and growth factors promote tumor progression. In this work, we confirm that estrogen receptors (ER), both ERalpha ...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2006.11.019
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence showed that the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) injection resulted in dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis implicated in major depressive disorder. Magnolol, main constituent identified in the barks of Magnolia officinalis, exerted antidepressant effects in a rat model of depres...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2018.03.005
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carbenoxolone potentiates the mineralocorticoid activity of endogenous glucocorticoid hormones by inhibiting the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which converts cortisol and corticosterone to inactive 11-oxo-derivatives. We addressed the question of whether glucocorticoid activity is also affected by carbe...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(96)00252-8
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry or liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry provides the capability for direct analysis of steroid conjugates (sulfates, glucuronides) without prior hydrolysis or derivatization. During the analysis of biologic extracts, limitations on the sensitivity of detection arise from the p...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-128x(90)90014-3
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The steroid nucleus is an interesting scaffold for the development of new therapeutic agents. Within the goal of identifying anticancer agents, new pregnane derivatives were prepared by using a sequence of liquid and solid-phase reactions. After we dehydrated epi-allopregnanolone in one step with diethylaminosulfur tr...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2012.07.012
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Estrogen is the key regulator of bone metabolism in both men and women. Menopause and the accompanying loss of ovarian estrogens are associated with declines in bone mineral density (BMD): 10-year cumulative loss was 9.1% at the femoral neck and 10.6%, lumbar spine. Estradiol concentrations also predict fractures. Tot...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.010
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 3alpha,5alpha- and 3alpha,5beta-reduced derivatives of progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone enhance GABAergic neurotransmission and produce inhibitory neurobehavioral and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite substantial information on the progesterone derivative (3alpha,5alpha)-...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2008.12.015
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Determinations of oxygen solubility in serum were made utilizing various concentrations of corticosteroids in the serum. Within a certain concentration range dexamethasone and betamethasone caused an increase in oxygen solubility. None of the other steroids tested demonstrated this property. ...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-128x(76)90041-6
更新日期:1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously demonstrated that 1α,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)) has antiproliferative effects on the growth of endothelial cells transformed by the viral G protein-coupled receptor associated to Kaposi sarcoma (vGPCR). In this work, we have investigated whether 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) exerts its growth i...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2012.05.006
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chick kidney and brain were analyzed for the subcellular distribution (if any) of a putative plasma membrane receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Fractionation protocols were found to be based not only on differential centrifugation conditions, but also gentleness of resuspension procedures, and suffic...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(99)00030-6
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two-hydroxyestrone (2OHE-1) and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16OHE-1) are two estrogen metabolites that may play important roles in the development or promotion of breast cancer. Our study assessed the reliability of a newly developed kit procedure for measuring 2OHE-1. Although under certain conditions the assay would not...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00139-2
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biotransformation of an orally active contraceptive drug, desogestrel (1), with Cunninghamella elegans yielded a new metabolite, 13β-ethyl-11-methylene-18,19-dinor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-17β-ol-3,6-dione (2), along with five known metabolites, i.e., 13β-ethyl-11-methylene-18,19-dinor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3β,6β,17β-triol...
journal_title:Steroids
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108694
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00