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Xanthine Oxidoreductase-Derived Reactive Species: Physiological and Pathological Effects.

Abstract：

:Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid and is widely distributed among species. In addition to this housekeeping function, mammalian XOR is a physiological source of superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, which can function as second messengers in the activation of various pathways. This review intends to address the physiological and pathological roles of XOR-derived oxidant molecules. The cytocidal action of XOR products has been claimed in relation to tissue damage, in particular damage induced by hypoxia and ischemia. Attempts to exploit this activity to eliminate unwanted cells via the construction of conjugates have also been reported. Moreover, different aspects of XOR activity related to phlogosis, endothelial activation, leukocyte activation, and vascular tone regulation, have been taken into consideration. Finally, the positive and negative outcomes concerning cancer pathology have been analyzed because XOR products may induce mutagenesis, cell proliferation, and tumor progression, but they are also associated with apoptosis and cell differentiation. In conclusion, XOR activity generates free radicals and other oxidant reactive species that may result in either harmful or beneficial outcomes.

journal_name

Oxid Med Cell Longev

journal_title

Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity

authors

Battelli MG,Polito L,Bortolotti M,Bolognesi A

doi

10.1155/2016/3527579

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-01-01 00:00:00

pages

3527579

eissn

1942-0900

issn

1942-0994

journal_volume

2016

pub_type

杂志文章,评审

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