Abstract:
:The need for clinical pharmacology in research and education, drug development, and health care delivery is well known. However, a current profile of those working in the field is not available. The ACCP authorized a survey of clinical pharmacologists to provide such a profile. Members of the ACCP or ASCPT were solicited by mail with a self-assessment questionnaire. A response rate of 37% was obtained. Demographic findings agree well with a previous study2 limited to those with the M.D. Our results reveal that most clinical pharmacologists are between 30-59 years of age, have an MD, PhD or PharmD degree; most of those with MDs list their primary specialty as internal medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, or anesthesiology. They affiliate with the respective departments (including pharmacology) in academia or hold positions in industry or government, but few are in clinical therapeutics per se. About 20% of those with only a MD or PharmD degree cite employment in health care delivery. However, a higher percentage of these respondents work in research and education rather than in drug development or health care delivery. For those with only a PhD, more work in drug development and research and education than in health care delivery. The highest proportion of respondents with any doctoral degree work in the Northeast. The average income is a function of rank, doctoral degree, specialty, department appointment, and type and location of employer. The profile of a typical clinical pharmacologist is presented. An analysis of clinical pharmacology manpower from several perspectives reveals a marked deficit, but the field itself is professionally and economically attractive. Lack of a well defined career track in academia and a poorly defined clinical role for MD clinical pharmacologists are proposed as reasons limiting entry of trainees. These and other results of the survey support an increased emphasis on training programs. Clinical pharmacologist involvement in health care delivery and drug development must be increased if the safe and effective use of new drugs is to be realized. Nine assessments and initiatives are formulated to accomplish this goal within the next decade.
journal_name
J Clin Pharmacoljournal_title
Journal of clinical pharmacologyauthors
Wilson JT,Brown RD,Kimura KK,Whelton Adoi
10.1002/j.1552-4604.1989.tb03404.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-08-01 00:00:00pages
695-713issue
8eissn
0091-2700issn
1552-4604journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章abstract::A number of factors have been implicated in the interpatient variability of valproic acid (VPA) pharmacokinetics. These include patient age, concurrent anticonvulsant therapy, and dosage of VPA. In the clinical setting, it is important to determine which of these variables exert a major effect on the observed differen...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1985.tb02836.x
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drug dosing in renal insufficiency needs to be individualized whenever possible to optimize therapeutic outcomes and to minimize toxicity. Although a number of published tables that provide dosing guidelines and nomograms exist to assist in dose modification, individualization of therapy should be based on pharmacokin...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1994.tb03973.x
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to compare steady-state gestational RBC and plasma folate concentrations in pregnant women supplementing daily with 1.1 mg (regular dose) vs. 5 mg (high dose) folic acid. Thirty-seven pregnant women, who were not previously taking folic acid, were enrolled in this op...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/jcph.387
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Grapefruit is rich in flavonoids, which have been demonstrated to have a preventive influence on many chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, since the early 1990s, the potential health benefits of grapefruit have been overshadowed by the possible risk of interactions between drugs and gr...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/0091270006294277
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine whether adefovir (ADV) in combination with entecavir (ETV) is more effective than with lamivudine (LAM) in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic HBV infection, electronic databases were searched through May 10th, 2013 to obtain relevant trials which met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was perfo...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/jcph.351
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several approaches are available to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from the sinistrin clearance. To compare such approaches, GFR was estimated in six healthy volunteers, both after a bolus injection and a bolus dose followed by a 6-hour infusion. A recently developed high-performance liquid chromatograp...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04355.x
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Beverage-drug interactions have remained an active area of research and have been the subject of extensive investigations in the past 2 decades. The known mechanisms of clinically relevant beverage-drug interactions include modulation of the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and organic anion-transporting polypepti...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/jcph.563
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atorvastatin is a common option among the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for the treatment of lipid disorders because of its excellent lipid-lowering efficacy and overall safety profile. Although these agents can rarely cause rhabdomyolysis by themselves, macrolides, among other agents, have been demonstrated to increas...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of epoprostenol on the pharmacokinetics of furosemide was investigated in 23 patients with end-stage congestive heart failure (CHF) receiving conventional therapy alone or conventional therapy plus epoprostenol. Estimates of the apparent oral clearance, volume of distribution, and absorption rate constant f...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04196.x
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Propiverine extended release is expected to be better tolerated compared to immediate release tablets because of slower drug release and reduced formation of active metabolites in the colon. CYP3A4 and ABCC2, the major variables in pharmacokinetics of propiverine, are less expressed in the colon. Therefore, dispositio...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1177/0091270008315314
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of dopaminergic receptors on renal function has been extensively studied. Recently dopaminergic receptor has been classified in two subtypes D1 and D2, which seem to have different modulatory function. However, the role of dopaminergic receptors on cardiovascular function and more specifically the potential r...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03788.x
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In many industrialized nations, the elderly comprise the fastest growing subpopulation and constitute an increasing proportion of the total population compared to other age groups. The elderly use a disproportionately larger amount of health care resources since they experience a higher incidence of disease-related mo...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Faldaprevir is a potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor and an inhibitor of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-1A1 (UGT1A1), which is involved in raltegravir clearance. Raltegravir, an HIV integrase inhibitor, may be used in combination with HCV treatment in HCV/HIV co-infected patients. In this open-label,...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jcph.418
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relative analgesic potency of oral and intramuscular oxymorphone was evaluated in a double-blind crossover comparison of graded single doses in patients with chronic pain due to cancer. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), oral oxymorphone was 1/6 as potent as the intramuscu...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1177/009127007701700402
更新日期:1977-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The anxiolytic triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam was administered to six male patients, aged 26 to 46 years, with panic disorder or agoraphobia (with panic attacks) to assess clinical effects and steady-state pharmacokinetics following multiple dosing at three levels: 3.0 mg/d, 6.0 mg/d, and 9.0 mg/d. Multiple-dose ki...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1986.tb03526.x
更新日期:1986-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The short-term effect of the blockade of the beta-adrenergic receptors on serum lipoproteins and the plasma activities of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of the serum lipoproteins: lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL) and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was evaluated in ten healthy normoli...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1987.tb03052.x
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quazepam is a new benzodiazepine that may provide good hypnotic action with negligible effect on motor coordination or respiration. Sleep laboratory studies on human volunteers have shown quazepam 15 mg to be an effective hypnotic dose, with the 30-mg dose being optimal. At these doses, there was no deterioration of m...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1987.tb03020.x
更新日期:1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical effects of a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug, acebutolol, were studied in 25 patients with chronic stable angina, using a seven-week single-blind placebo leads to acebutolol (mean dose 913 mg/day) phase followed by 12-week randomized double-blind placebo leads to acebutolol (mean dose 968 mg...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1982.tb02688.x
更新日期:1982-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors examined the pharmacokinetics of the CD19 receptor-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor B43-Genistein in 17 patients (4 children, 13 adults) with B-lineage lymphoid malignancies, including 12 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 5 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The immunoconjugat...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1177/00912709922012051
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The new antidepressant nomifensin (Hoechst 36984), a drug which showed less cardiotoxicity than tricyclics, was compared in a single-blind comparative trial with viloxazine. Forty elderly depressed patients were treated during four weeks. Nomifensin, N=21, 75 mg/day; viloxazine, N=19, 150 mg/day). Antidepressant effec...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1977.tb04589.x
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclophosphamide-based regimens are front-line treatment for numerous pediatric malignancies; however, current dosing methods result in considerable interpatient variability in tumor response and toxicity. In this pediatric population, the authors' objectives were (1) to quantify and explain the pharmacokinetic variab...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1177/0091270008325928
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ciramadol, a new analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist actions, was compared with codeine and placebo in a double-blind study in 343 patients with postoperative pain. The patients received a single oral dose of either 30 or 60 mg of ciramadol, 60 mg of codeine, or placebo. As indicated by three efficacy mea...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1985.tb02882.x
更新日期:1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psychoactive drugs are often widely used before tolerance and dependence is fully appreciated. Tolerance to cannabis-induced cardiovascular and autonomic changes, decreased intraocular pressure, sleep and sleep EEG, mood and behavioral changes is acquired and, to a great degree, lost rapidly with optimal conditions. M...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1981.tb02589.x
更新日期:1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacokinetics of isoproterenol (ISO) in infants and children have never been reported. The authors studied ISO pharmacokinetics in two disparate groups of pediatric intensive care unit patients: postoperative cardiac patients (POC, n = 10), and reactive airway disease patients (RAD, n = 9). In all, 44 blood sam...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03899.x
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of bilastine on cardiac repolarization was studied in 30 healthy participants during a multiple-dose, triple-dummy, crossover, thorough QT study that included 5 arms: placebo, active control (400 mg moxifloxacin), bilastine at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses (20 mg and 100 mg once daily, respectively...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1177/0091270011407191
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epoxieicosatrienoic acids (EETs) play a protective role against damaging processes in the kidney. We have assessed the effect of polymorphisms in EETs-producing enzymes (CYP2C8 and CYP2J2) and other proteins involved in calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) disposition (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1) on graft function and clinica...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jcph.15
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A series of clinical pharmacology studies was performed to screen for possible pharmacokinetic/dynamic contributions to drug interactions reported in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving cyclosporine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic changes in any of the drugs...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04311.x
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an innovative therapeutic approach that provides novel treatment options and hope for patients with cancer. By coupling monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to cytotoxic small-molecule payloads with a plasma-stable linker, ADCs offer the potential for increased drug specificity and fe...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/jcph.981
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of enfuvirtide in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents. HIV-infected patients received combination antiretroviral therapy, including enfuvirtide 2.0 mg/kg subcutaneously, twice daily. Serial and trough blood samples were collected up to...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1177/0091270006299089
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although there are many reports of the short-term effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs for suppression of ventricular ectopic depolarizations, there are less data available on the long-term use of these drugs. We treated 122 patients for up to 2 years with antiarrhythmic drugs for suppression of frequent ventricular ...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1990.tb03466.x
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00