Abstract：
:The operative temperature of the environment was estimated for starlings using hollow, unheated taxidermic mounts. On average, adults foraging in full sun were characterized by shorter foraging bouts than those adults foraging in full shade. Simultaneous observations of air temperature, operative temperature, and the foraging duration of adults indicated that air temperature was a poor predictor of the maximum length of a foraging bout. The operative temperature of the environment was not correlated to the maximum and mean length of foraging bouts for temperatures below 31.5°C, but was negatively related to maximum and mean foraging duration for values above 31.5°C. I also found that foraging adults experiencing high thermal loads (T e≥31.5°C) were less likely to return to the nest with food. These results raise the possibility that adults may be limited in their utilization of foraging sites due to an inability to cope with heat load, and that much of the loafing behavior observed for breeding birds may be behavior to avoid heat stress. The implication for seasonal variation of clutch size is discussed.
journal_name
Oecologiajournal_title
Oecologiaauthors
Clark Ldoi
10.1007/BF00377289subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1987-01-01 00:00:00pages
233-238issue
2eissn
0029-8549issn
1432-1939pii
10.1007/BF00377289journal_volume
71pub_type
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