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A novel association test for multiple secondary phenotypes from a case-control GWAS.

Abstract：

:In the past decade, many genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been conducted to explore association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with complex diseases using a case-control design. These GWASs not only collect information on the disease status (primary phenotype, D) and the SNPs (genotypes, X), but also collect extensive data on several risk factors and traits. Recent literature and grant proposals point toward a trend in reusing existing large case-control data for exploring genetic associations of some additional traits (secondary phenotypes, Y) collected during the study. These secondary phenotypes may be correlated, and a proper analysis warrants a multivariate approach. Commonly used multivariate methods are not equipped to properly account for the non-random sampling scheme. Current ad hoc practices include analyses without any adjustment, and analyses with D adjusted as a covariate. Our theoretical and empirical studies suggest that the type I error for testing genetic association of secondary traits can be substantial when X as well as Y are associated with D, even when there is no association between X and Y in the underlying (target) population. Whether using D as a covariate helps maintain type I error depends heavily on the disease mechanism and the underlying causal structure (which is often unknown). To avoid grossly incorrect inference, we have proposed proportional odds model adjusted for propensity score (POM-PS). It uses a proportional odds logistic regression of X on Y and adjusts estimated conditional probability of being diseased as a covariate. We demonstrate the validity and advantage of POM-PS, and compare to some existing methods in extensive simulation experiments mimicking plausible scenarios of dependency among Y, X, and D. Finally, we use POM-PS to jointly analyze four adiposity traits using a type 2 diabetes (T2D) case-control sample from the population-based Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) study. Only POM-PS analysis of the T2D case-control sample seems to provide valid association signals.

journal_name

Genet Epidemiol

journal_title

Genetic epidemiology

authors

Ray D,Basu S

doi

10.1002/gepi.22045

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2017-07-01 00:00:00

pages

413-426

issue

eissn

0741-0395

issn

1098-2272

journal_volume

pub_type

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A novel association test for multiple secondary phenotypes from a case-control GWAS.