Abstract：
:Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a range of motor symptoms. Besides the cardinal symptoms (akinesia and bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity), PD patients show additional motor deficits, including: gait disturbance, impaired handwriting, grip force and speech deficits, among others. Some of these motor symptoms (e.g., deficits of gait, speech, and handwriting) have similar clinical profiles, neural substrates, and respond similarly to dopaminergic medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Here, we provide an extensive review of the clinical characteristics and neural substrates of each of these motor symptoms, to highlight precisely how PD and its medical and surgical treatments impact motor symptoms. In conclusion, we offer a unified framework for understanding the range of motor symptoms in PD. We argue that various motor symptoms in PD reflect dysfunction of neural structures responsible for action selection, motor sequencing, and coordination and execution of movement.
journal_name
Neurosci Biobehav Revjournal_title
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviewsauthors
Moustafa AA,Chakravarthy S,Phillips JR,Gupta A,Keri S,Polner B,Frank MJ,Jahanshahi Mdoi
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-09-01 00:00:00pages
727-740eissn
0149-7634issn
1873-7528pii
S0149-7634(15)30091-9journal_volume
68pub_type
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