Abstract：
INTRODUCTION:Optogenetic is an experimental technique that combines genetic engineering and optical physics procedures to mark specific neurons in the brain and activate them at will through rays of light of certain frequency. AIM:To explain, to readers not versed in genetics the history, the rationale and the present and future applications of optogenetic in brain and mental processes research. DEVELOPMENT:The current development of this technique is allowing considerable advances in accurate knowledge about the neural circuits that control behavior and motivational and cognitive states, like hunger and thirst, pain, sleep or learning and memory. Among the first shocking results there are the creation and control of false memories. CONCLUSIONS:The optogenetics is a revolutionary experimental technique called to replace some of the classics techniques in brain behavior research and an important way in the development and control of mental processes and in the treatment of their diseases. TITLE:Optogenetica: historia, fundamentos y relevancia presente y futura. :Introduccion. La optogenetica es una tecnica experimental que combina procedimientos de ingenieria genetica y de fisica optica para marcar neuronas especificas del cerebro y poder activarlas despues a voluntad mediante rayos de luz de determinada frecuencia. Objetivo. Explicar a los lectores, especialmente a los no versados en genetica, la historia, los fundamentos y las aplicaciones presentes y futuras de la optogenetica en la investigacion sobre el cerebro y los procesos mentales. Desarrollo. El desarrollo actual de esta tecnica esta permitiendo considerables avances en el conocimiento preciso sobre los circuitos neuronales que controlan conductas y estados motivacionales y cognitivos especificos, como el hambre y la sed, el dolor, el sueño, o el aprendizaje y la memoria. Entre los primeros resultados impactantes destacan los que han hecho posible la creacion y el control cerebral de falsas memorias. Conclusiones. La optogenetica es una tecnica revolucionaria llamada a sustituir algunas de las tecnicas clasicas en la investigacion cerebral y a abrir un importante y nuevo camino en el desarrollo y control de los procesos mentales y en la terapia de sus patologias.
journal_name
Rev Neuroljournal_title
Revista de neurologiaauthors
Morgado Isubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-02-01 00:00:00pages
123-8issue
3eissn
0210-0010issn
1576-6578pii
rn2015507journal_volume
62pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章abstract：OBJECTIVE:Theories about consciousness are in an initial state of development. In the recent past, diverse theories have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of the consciousness using the Quantum Mechanics (QM) as a fundamental tool. Here, we criticize some of these theories in the light of the current knowledge in...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease secondary to an infection of the central nervous system by the measles virus, with no effective treatment. The introduction of therapy with intraventricular interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) and its later association with ribaviri...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Although the conventional risk factors of ischemic stroke are numerous and the physiopathological mechanisms are well known, we believe that there may be other less common factors that have received less attention by researchers but are nonetheless just as important. AIMS:The aim of this study was to dete...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-05-16 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Neuroschistosomiasis is an uncommon and under diagnosed disease in our country because of the no clinical suspicion. The most common neurological manifestations are epileptic seizures as central nervous system involvement or different types of myelopathies: transverse myelitis, myeloradiculopathy, cauda eq...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Subcutaneous nodules and neuropsychiatric complications are the most relevant adverse effects during apomorphine infusion treatment. Subcutaneous nodules appear in almost all the patients and accurate information and training of both patient and caregiver is essential to minimise their impact on the treatment. Althoug...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The treatment of non traumatic intra cerebral haemorrhage is one of the therapeutic challenges at the present time. In spite of present day technology and advances in understanding its physiopathology, the prognosis is the same as it was fifteen years ago. We review the surgical treatments us...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To review current literature on population, cytogenetic and molecular studies of specific language disorders (SLD) and pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). DEVELOPMENT:Clinical concordance studies in twins and in vertical familial groups suggest polygenic multifactorial modes of inheritance, but in some...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent parasitic disease affecting the central nervous system. It is a disease that is endemic to certain countries in South America. The phenomenon of immigration, however, has increased its prevalence in developed regions due to the arrival of immigrants from endemic area...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2008-02-16 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The retina is a neuronal membrane that covers the posterior part of the eye chamber and is formed by several layers. The retinal function can be synthesize as the light translation into nervous impulses in the optic nerve. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The ERG is the expression of the changes of the electrical pot...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating disease that essentially affects the white matter of the central nervous system. The diagnosis is based on clinical-imaging and developmental findings. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is the most useful diagnostic tool. The disease cour...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM:To contribute to the knowledge of the cognitive differences existent between right-handed and left-handed evaluating the cognitive outcome in a group of adults right-handed and another group of left-handed of similar characteristic (age, gender, cultural level) by means of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAI...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-01-16 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:At the present time it is perfectly clear that schizencephaly is an anomaly of neuronal migration and porencephaly is the result of destruction of the cerebral cortex. Schizencephaly is the final result of a variety of lesions which occur during a critical period of the development of the brain. Imaging st...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-11-16 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The motor control deficits after stroke affect the gait pattern. There is a significant variability between subjects. AIMS:To analyse, by using a capture motion system, the gait pattern in stroke patients with different levels of motor function, and to establish, despite the participants heterogeneity, wh...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-11-16 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Examination of the special bilingual student (5% of the bilingual student population of the USA) permits us to use not only (1) the statistical reports of the population coefficients and percentages), (2) measurements of progress or performance (age in years or grades of progress at school) and (3) the neu...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with aging characterized by a motor extrapiramidal alteration secondary to the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cause of this neuronal loss remains unknown but post mortem studies on brains of parkinsonia...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-03-16 00:00:00
abstract：:INTRODUCTION. A large number of neurological diseases course with impairment of higher cognitive functions, their evaluation being important for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. The main purpose of neuropsychological assessment is to identify behavioral, emotional and cognitive consequences of brain dy...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2014-12-16 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Semi-structured questionnaires, based on clinical criteria are used in the diagnosis of headache, but none has been used to study the two commonest types of chronic headache. The first step, before clinical application, is to carry out a study of the questionnaire's validity and predictive value. OBJECTIV...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The aim of the study was the short term test-retest-reliability of electrophyisiological correlates of simple processes of the motor control, i.e. the execution (go) and the inhibition (no go) of a prepared motor response, evoked during the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Our interest was centered in the ...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:When the clinical picture consists of prominent cognitive impairments (e.g. amnesia) with relatively mild behavioral symptoms, it can be very difficult to distinguish frontal lobe dementia (FLD) from Alzheimer disease (AD). However, these conditions may have distinct cognitive profiles that c...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM:Different patients exhibit wide variability in the way they respond to medications. Individual differences in drug response can result from environmental factors, as well as genetic determinants. In particular, inherited differences in the metabolism and disposition of drugs can have a great influence on the effica...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Patients submitted to surgery to treat a brain aneurysm, who have suffered a subarachnoid haemorrhage, sometimes present cognitive disorders that can affect their social, familial, academic or occupational relationships. Memory disorders are frequent, although other cognitive functions may also be affected...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:It may be difficult to determine the adequate mement, the information content and the most convenient person to inform patients with chronic, incurable disorders with uncertain prognosis as sclerosis multiple (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS:To gain information on how these aspects had been carried-out and the ...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Asymptomatic carotid stenosis is a relatively frequent pathology, although when considering the possibility of managing it surgically, there is still an important amount of disagreement concerning the criteria to be taken into account. This study conducts a broad examination of the condition, from its concept and epid...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Adrenoleukodystrophy is a hereditary recessive sex-linked disorder with very variable phenotype expression, including classical infantil ALD, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) in adults and sex-linked Addison's disease. Clinical observations. Three affected patients are presented. The first showed signs of myelo...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Non-verbal learning disorder (NVLD) is the name given to a complex group of difficulties with a well-defined biological substrate. Their clinical manifestations affect the motor area, visuospatial organisation and the social competencies. AIM:To analyse the semiology that differentially identifies NVLD by...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2009-02-27 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Eosinophil infiltration of skeletal muscle is rare, but often no etiological factor can be identified and these are isolated eosinophilic myositis. They may be associated with parasite infections or drugs, or be features of rare systemic disorders of hypereosinophilia, such as the myalgia eosinophilia synd...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-11-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the study is a reflection on the current standing of giftedness research and the effectiveness of gifted education in order to facilitate its optimal developmental trajectory from potential to eminence. The necessity of rethinking high intellectual ability as a developmental process is exposed from a new pa...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2015-02-25 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The description of Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS) let us to recognize the importance of the pair 'respiratory effort-arousal' on sleep-disordered breathing pathophysiology. DEVELOPMENT:First part of this paper reviews knowledge about respiratory arousal pathophysiology. Arousal response is normal...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-03-16 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Hypnosis is a well known and efficient psychotherapeutic treatment. It has been stated as useful in memory improvement, however, there are only a few reports of this method in teaching, and its neurophysiological aspects. OBJECTIVE:In this paper, the authors were intended to deal with some students' acade...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The new 2015 criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) have been recently incorporated in the study of different international cohorts. AIM:To describe clinical-radiological characteristics and prognostic factors in patients with NMOSD according to the 2015 criteria. PATIENTS AND METHO...
journal_title：Revista de neurologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
