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Gender Differences in Hiccup Patients: Analysis of Published Case Reports and Case-Control Studies.

Abstract：

CONTEXT:Although sporadic male predominance in hiccup patients has been reported, the association between gender differences and triggering factors has rarely been evaluated in patients with hiccups. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to investigate whether gender differences exist in hiccup patients by analyzing all previously published hiccup literature containing gender and etiology information. METHODS:Published literature on this topic was identified using a standardized search strategy in the PubMed, SCOPUS, and CINAHL electronic databases. The literature search included studies published from January 1990 to December 2013. Searches were limited to English-language publications. Of 476 identified studies, 318 studies were eligible including eight case-control studies that contained nonhiccup control groups. Triggering factors for hiccups were categorized into two types: central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS causes. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for the eight case-control studies and event rates for the other studies by meta-analysis. In addition, gender differences and mean ages were analyzed for the case studies. RESULTS:Pooled OR was 2.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-4.17) with inclination for male predominance. Subgroup analysis by cause showed clear male predominance in the non-CNS type with OR of 11.72 (95% CI 3.16-43.50), whereas indistinct in the CNS type with OR of 1.74 (95% CI 0.95-3.16). Of the remaining 310 studies with 864 patients, previous findings were consistent. Male predominance was consistent in non-CNS (85.1%, 95% CI 78.2-90.2) and unknown origin (82.2%, 95% CI 75.8-87.2) patients, whereas mitigating the sex discrepancy in those with CNS origin (65.8%, 95% CI 53.1-76.5). CONCLUSION:We demonstrated male predominance in hiccup patients. This gender difference for hiccups was more pronounced in patients with non-CNS causes, whereas indistinct in patients with CNS causes.

journal_name

J Pain Symptom Manage

journal_title

Journal of pain and symptom management

authors

Lee GW,Kim RB,Go SI,Cho HS,Lee SJ,Hui D,Bruera E,Kang JH

doi

10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.09.013

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-02-01 00:00:00

pages

278-83

issue

eissn

0885-3924

issn

1873-6513

pii

S0885-3924(15)00605-3

journal_volume

pub_type

杂志文章,meta分析,评审

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Gender Differences in Hiccup Patients: Analysis of Published Case Reports and Case-Control Studies.