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Solidago altissima differs with respect to ploidy frequency and clinal variation across the prairie-forest biome border in Minnesota.

Abstract：

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Although our awareness of ploidy diversity has expanded with the application of flow cytometry, we still know little about the extent to which cytotypes within mixed-ploidy populations are genetically differentiated across environmental gradients. METHODS:To address this issue, we reared 14 populations of Solidago altissima spanning the prairie-forest ecotone in Minnesota in a common garden with a watering treatment. We assessed ploidy frequencies and measured survival, flowering phenology, and plant architectural traits for 4 years. KEY RESULTS:All populations harbored multiple cytotypes; prairie populations were dominated by tetraploids, forest populations by hexaploids. Diploids and polyploids differed significantly for 84% of the traits. Beyond average differences, the slope of trait values covaried with latitude and longitude, but this relationship was stronger for diploids than the other two polyploid cytotypes as indicated by numerous ploidy × latitude and ploidy × longitude interactions. For example, the timing of flowering of the cytotypes overlapped in populations sampled from the northeastern hemiboreal forest but differed significantly between cytotypes sampled from populations in the southwestern prairie. The watering treatments had weak effects, and there were no ploidy differences for phenotypic plasticity. CONCLUSIONS:Our data show that diploids have diverged genetically to a greater extent than polyploids along the environmental clines sampled in this study. Moreover, different environments favor phenotypic convergence over divergence among cytotypes for some traits. Differences in ploidy frequency and phenotypic divergence among cytotypes across gradients of temperature and precipitation are important considerations for restoration in an age of climate change.

journal_name

Am J Bot

journal_title

American journal of botany

authors

Etterson JR,Toczydlowski RH,Winkler KJ,Kirschbaum JA,McAulay TS

doi

10.3732/ajb.1500146

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-01-01 00:00:00

pages

22-32

issue

eissn

0002-9122

issn

1537-2197

pii

ajb.1500146

journal_volume

103

pub_type

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Solidago altissima differs with respect to ploidy frequency and clinal variation across the prairie-forest biome border in Minnesota.