Abstract:
:Trees outside forests (TOFs) are an important natural resource that contributes substantially to national biomass and carbon stocks and to the livelihood of people in many regions. Over the last decades, decision makers have become increasingly aware of the importance of TOF, and as a consequence, this tree resource is nowadays often considered in forest monitoring systems. Our review shows that in many cases, TOF are included in national forest inventories, applying traditional methodologies with relatively sparse networks of field sample plots. Only in some countries, such as India, the design of the inventories has considered the special features of how TOFs occur in the landscape. Several research studies utilising remote sensing for monitoring TOF have been conducted lately, but very few studies include comparative studies to optimise sampling strategies for TOF. Our review indicates that methods combining remote sensing and field surveys appear to be very promising, especially when remote sensing techniques that assess both the horizontal and vertical structures of tree resources are applied. For example, two-phase sampling strategies with laser scanning in the first phase and a field survey in the second phase appear to be effective for assessing TOF resources. However, TOFs often exhibit different characteristics than forest trees. Thus, to improve TOF monitoring, there is often a need to develop models, e.g. for biomass assessment, that are specifically adapted to this tree resource. Alternatively, field-based remote sensing methods that provide structural information about individual trees, notably terrestrial laser scanning, could be further developed for TOF monitoring applications. This also would have a potential to reduce the problem of accessing TOF during field surveys, which is a problem, for example, in countries where TOF are present on intensively utilised private grounds like gardens and agricultural fields.
journal_name
Environ Monit Assessjournal_title
Environmental monitoring and assessmentauthors
Schnell S,Kleinn C,Ståhl Gdoi
10.1007/s10661-015-4817-7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-09-01 00:00:00pages
600issue
9eissn
0167-6369issn
1573-2959journal_volume
187pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The present study investigates the effects of drill cutting discharges on the structure of meiofauna communities in an area of the shelf break at Campos Basin, Southeast Brazil. Drilling activities were operated, in a first phase, with water-based fluid and, in a second phase, with synthetic fluid paraffin-based (NAF-...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1515-3
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Is identification of seed bank (SB) species useful for sustainable management of vegetation restoration on Cu-contaminated soils? How does Cu contamination of the soil affect the SB and can incorporating compost into Cu-contaminated soils counter the effects of Cu? The topsoil SB was investigated at seven contaminated...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2686-x
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus, is an obligate intracytosolic bacterium transmitted among humans and small mammals by some species of larval trombiculid mites (chiggers). It has been recognized as a pathogen of major public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. As disease is considere...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7208-7
更新日期:2019-01-18 00:00:00
abstract::We evaluated the potential of soil microarthropods and enchytraeid worms to be useful as bioindicators of soil condition in forest, wetland, and agricultural ecosystems over a range of ecoregions. Selected mesofauna and soil characteristics in soil and litter in relatively undisturbed and disturbed examples of each of...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0315-5
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The occurrence of selected brominated flame retardants, including nine polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in leachate samples from eight landfill sites in South Africa, were investigated. In addition, the possible influences of dissolved org...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6131-z
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heavy metals are among the priority pollutants which may have toxic effects on receiving water bodies. They are detected in most of samples of stormwater runoff, but the concentrations are very variable. This paper presents results of study on the amount of heavy metals discharged from urban catchment in Lodz (Poland)...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-018-6648-9
更新日期:2018-04-14 00:00:00
abstract::Groundwater is an indispensable natural resource for drinking water, generally in rural areas due to unavailability of treated water. The study was designed to investigate the groundwater quality in nine open-defecation-free (ODF) villages (Nirmal Grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India. For the research, 81 gr...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-018-6852-7
更新日期:2018-07-18 00:00:00
abstract::Airborne lead levels were assessed in nine workshops, three each from battery, electronic repair, and welding sources within the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana. Samples were collected at 0, 2.5, and 5.0 m away from the emission source at the workshops during working hours and another at 5.0 m during break hours. Airborne ...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-009-0869-x
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A predictive or model based approach to making inferences about the loading of a contaminant from a point source is presented and illustrated by estimating the total phosphorus, TP, loading from the Niagara River to Lake Ontario for the years 1967 to 1982. Information about explanatory variables and/or autodependence ...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00394237
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases are considered in "Canada's National Report on Climate Change: Actions to Meet Commitments Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". By including all major greenhouse gases and their anthropogenic sources and sinks using best available science, the Report pro...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00547181
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paper industries using different raw materials such as hard wood, bamboo, baggase, rice-straw and waste papers and bleaching chemicals like chlorine, hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, sulphite and oxygen were studied to estimate organic pollution load and Adsorbable Organic Halides (AOX) per ton of pr...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9628-z
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::While deliberations relating to negative consequences of large dams on the environment continue to dominate world attention, positive benefits provided by small dams, also known as check dams, go unobserved. Besides, little is known about the potential of check dams in mitigating global warming impacts due to less dat...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5640-5
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coal fly ash (CFA), a by-product generated from coal-burning power plants, readily leaches toxic elements into aquatic environments. The present study describes a classification system for CFA based on the chemical composition of CFA and leachability of toxic elements, which can promote the safe and effective utilizat...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7489-x
更新日期:2019-05-09 00:00:00
abstract::The production of apples in Poland is the largest among the countries of the European Union, and therefore, the consumption of these fruits is high in our country. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of pesticide residues in Polish apples and to assess if these residues pose a risk to the health of the...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3219-y
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The European Community asks its Member States to provide a comprehensive and coherent overview of their groundwater chemical status. It is stated that simple conceptual models are necessary to allow assessments of the risks of failing to meet quality objectives. In The Netherlands two monitoring networks (one for agri...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9756-5
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Trace elements used in animal feed additives can be introduced to aquatic environments through application of manures from animal feeding operations to agricultural land as fertilizer. The use of poultry feed additives containing arsenic (As) is of particular concern in the Shenandoah River watershed (Virginia, USA), ...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2175-7
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accessing research sites is an integral part of a research in the world today. Researching sites on privately owned lands creates unique challenges when compared to conducting research on government or publicly owned land. This study explores different methods for obtaining landowner information, permission to sample ...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3432-8
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate the distribution and source pathways of environmentally critical trace metals in coastal Antarctica, trace elemental concentrations were analyzed in 36 surface snow samples along a coast to inland transect in the Ingrid Christensen Coast of East Antarctica. The samples were collected and analyzed using ...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2764-0
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The levels of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and heavy metals viz. Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Fe were measured. Aerosol samples from four different locations in Delhi were collected by High-volume samplers for a period of one year from July 1997 June 1998. Metal concentration was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectromet...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/b:emas.0000003555.36394.17
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study investigated the biomarker responses of the earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae, exposed to sublethal concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) for a time span of 28 days. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and histopathological alterations were examined. Toxicological evaluations of BTX were carried out against E...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2700-3
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied the multiscale (sites, river reaches and rivers) and short-term temporal (monthly) variability in a freshwater fish assemblage. We found that small-scale spatial variation and short-term temporal variability significantly influenced fish community structure in the Macquarie and Namoi Rivers. However, larger...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-006-4938-0
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The article considers the characteristics of mining-ecological monitoring of environmental objects changing under the influence of toxic waste tailing dump (OAO "Solnechny GOK" Company). ...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2150-3
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several local surveys on the submerged vegetation have been conducted in past decades along the Finnish Baltic coastal areas. Surveys have been carried out by using various methods, which make the temporal comparisons of the results difficult. The need of a joint programme for coastal phytobenthic monitoring is emphas...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1020095220957
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantification of fluxes of water into and out of terminal lakes like Basaka has fundamental challenges. This is due to the fact that accurate measurement and quantification of most of the parameters of a lake's hydrologic cycle are difficult. Furthermore, quantitative understanding of the hydrologic systems and hence...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-014-3785-7
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surface water acidification was identified as a major environmental problem in the 1960s. Consequently, a liming program was launched in Sweden in the 1970s. The primary purpose of liming is to restore conditions that existed prior to acidification. To reach this goal, as well as achieve 'good status' (i.e. low levels...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-007-0081-9
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three representative areas (lowland, semi-mountainous, and coastal) have been selected for the collection of drinking water samples, and a total number of 28 physical, chemical, and biological parameters per water sample have been determined and analyzed. The mean values of the physical and chemical parameters were fo...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-009-1217-x
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tissue levels of mercury (Hg; total, organic) and selenium (Se) were assessed in juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) from Florida nearshore waters collected during a harmful algal bloom (HAB, brevetoxin) event and compared with sharks not exposed to HABs. In all sharks studied, total Hg levels in the muscle...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1603-4
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are many bioindicators. However, it remains largely unknown which metal-bioindicator systems will give the reasonable detection ranges of bioavailable metals in the aquatic ecosystem. Various experimental data make the demonstration of biomonitoring processes challenging. Ingested inorganic arsenic is strongly a...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-009-1204-2
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study which was carried out between March 2003 and February 2005 Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd contents were determined in muscle, liver and gill of carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) caught from Beyşehir Lake. Among the heavy metals analyzed Cr, Pb and Cd were below the detection limit (<0.03). Heavy metal conce...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9765-4
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In areca nut and husk, 14 elements (As, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, and Zn) were determined, while 34 elements including rare earth elements were detected in the corresponding soil samples using instrumental neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry methods, whereas the concentratio...
journal_title:Environmental monitoring and assessment
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10661-021-08859-9
更新日期:2021-01-15 00:00:00