Abstract：
:The development of the first standardized "scratch 'n sniff" olfactory test is described. Over 1600 subjects participated in five experiments. In Experiment 1, 50 microencapsulated odorants were rated as to their intensity, pleasantness, irritation, coolness, and familiarity, and two procedures for releasing them were compared. In Experiment 2, the results of the first experiment and other data were used in the development of the test, which was administered to a large number of subjects. Using multiple regression analysis, scores on this test were shown to be significantly related to the subjects' gender, ethnic background, and smoking behavior. Average test scores decreased as a function of age, with the greatest decline occurring between the sixth and tenth decades of life. These age-related changes were not correlated with scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale. Women performed better than men within all age categories. In Experiment 3, the test was shown to differentiate between subjects with known olfactory disorders (e.g., Kallmann's syndrome; Korsakoff's syndrome) and normal controls, and to reliably detect persons instructed to feign total anosmia. In Experiment 4, the test-retest reliability was established (6-month interval; r = 0.918, p less than 0.001), and in Experiment 5 the test was shown to correlate thresholds with odor detection (r = -0.794, p less than 0.001). This self-administratered test now makes it possible to rapidly and accurately assess general olfactory function in the laboratory, clinic, or through the mail without complex equipment or space-consuming stores of chemicals.
journal_name
Physiol Behavjournal_title
Physiology & behaviorauthors
Doty RL,Shaman P,Dann Mdoi
10.1016/0031-9384(84)90269-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1984-03-01 00:00:00pages
489-502issue
3eissn
0031-9384issn
1873-507Xpii
0031-9384(84)90269-5journal_volume
32pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Electrophysiological data indicate that hyperglycemia is associated with decreased neural taste responsiveness to 1.0 M glucose, but not to 0.01 M quinine HCl, in the rat's hindbrain. The present behavioral experiment was conducted to determine whether this suppression of neural activity is manifested in a reduced int...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(87)90081-3
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A model of alcoholism should demonstrate self-administration of alcohol by the animal and a withdrawal syndrome when the animal no longer has access to the drug. A mouse model is described that meets these criteria and enables the induction of "alcoholism" in a large number of animals within a short period of time. Mi...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(82)90333-x
更新日期：1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous research has demonstrated the conditionability of events within the acute-phase response. This study examined whether two such responses, fever and sleep alterations, were conditionable in the rat during the dark photoperiod. The experimental animals were administered a novel saccharin solution as the conditi...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(94)00314-9
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the study was to examine the Spielberger's hypothesis, according to which changes in state-anxiety level would correspond exactly to adverse changes in mood states. We analyzed the correlation coefficients between state-anxiety and low moods, and further investigated whether these correlation coefficients i...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00575-3
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To extend our previous study on the behavioral effects of testosterone propionate (TP) and dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) to a dose-range producing supra-physiological plasma androgen levels, 4 castrated cynomolgus monkeys were tested with the same 4 females during successive 4-week treatment periods while rece...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(87)90040-0
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parents' feeding practices have been associated with children's dietary quality and food acceptance, but previous studies have largely relied exclusively on questionnaires to assess both parent and child behavior. The current study explored the relationships between parents' reported and observed feeding practices and...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.001
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Changes in phasic events in the elderly are reviewed. Such phasic events may in part be determined by the macrostructure of sleep (sleep stages). Therefore, a brief description of sleep architecture and EEG morphology in the aged person is given. Second, there is a marked variability among individuals in the number of...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(93)90095-w
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three experiments were conducted in order to investigate the role of brain androgen and estrogen receptors in sex hormone activated male reproductive behavior in Japanese quail. In Experiment 1, castrated male quail were injected with oil, testosterone propionate (TP), flutamide (FLUT), an androgen antagonist, or TP+F...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(86)90308-2
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The influence of endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs) on plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in subordinate female highveld mole-rats (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae) was investigated to elucidate the physiological mechanisms responsible for inhibiting their gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and/or LH release. Th...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.02.005
更新日期：2006-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of age and recurring stress responses on endogenous plasma arginine (ARG) concentrations were determined. Blood from catheterized young (3 months) and old (24 months) were used to ascertain the plasma concentrations of ARG under baseline conditions, during a 30-min immobilization experience and during a 3.5...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(93)90083-r
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bulbectomy has been previously shown to produce the specific antidepressant-sensitive syndrome in C57Bl/6j, but not DBA/2j mice. The present study examined the effect of the depression on voluntary alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption and alcohol preference (% of alcohol solution in total liquid) in a free-choice,...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(94)90293-3
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is a transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear receptor family and plays an important role in regulating gene expression associated with lipid metabolism. PPARα promotes hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in response to fasting. Because energy m...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112760
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been recognized for some time that a number of different neuropeptides exert powerful effects on food intake. During the last few years, the neurocircuitry within which these peptides operate has also begun to be elucidated. Peptidergic feeding-regulatory neurones are found both in the hypothalamus and the brai...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00611-4
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Temperature is known to impact taste perception, but its reported effect on sweet taste perception in humans is inconsistent. Here, we assess whether thermal taste phenotype alters the temperature modulation of the brains' response to sweet samples and sweet taste perception. Participants (n = 24 balanced for thermal ...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113266
更新日期：2021-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate the learning and short- and long-term memory of zinc-deprived (ZD) and pair-fed (PF) rats in a Morris water maze (MWM) and (2) to monitor the serum corticosterone levels of these rats before and after swimming. Young Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 27-31 days) consumed AIN-...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00041-6
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The regulation of food and fluid intake in lactating women was examined by comparing maternal intake during lactation, 6 weeks postpartum, to intake in two groups of nonpregnant, nonlactating women. All subjects completed a questionnaire and then filled out a food-intake diary for seven consecutive days. Lactating wom...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(93)90071-m
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sex hormones have been reported to dynamically modulate the expression of implicit motives, a concept that has previously been thought to be relatively stable over time. This study investigates to what extent the need for affiliation, power, and achievement, as well as the form of enactment of these needs as measured ...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.016
更新日期：2014-01-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Many socially relevant odors are detected in rodent species by the vomeronasal organ and subsequently processed by the accessory olfactory system (AOS). We previously found that gonadectomized male and female rats treated in adulthood with testosterone propionate (TP) showed equivalent Fos responses in the AOS to odor...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00674-6
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Memory and learning are impaired by imbalanced diet consumption. High-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) induces oxidative stress, which results in neuronal damage and interference with synaptic transmission; hence, a decline in cognitive function. Vitamin E is a fat soluble antioxidant that is believed to have positiv...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.06.011
更新日期：2013-07-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Classical conditioning is a quintessential learning process; however, maladaptive forms of conditioning sustain many unhealthy behaviors (e.g., addiction). Mindfulness training is theorized to de-automatize conditioned behavior by decoupling stimulus and response. This study assessed the effect of mindfulness training...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.028
更新日期：2019-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Dystonia musculorum (dt) mutant mice, characterized by degeneration of spinocerebellar fibers, were evaluated in a visible platform swim test. It was found that dt mutants were slower to reach the platform than normal mice. However, the number of quadrants traversed was not higher in dt mutants. It is concluded that s...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(93)90052-h
更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：UNLABELLED:Acute stress responses of women are typically more reactive than that of men. Women, compared to men, may be more vulnerable to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Whether there are differences between women and men with PTSD in levels of the stress hormone, cortisol, was investigated in a pilot study. ME...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.06.002
更新日期：2010-02-09 00:00:00
abstract：:BDNF is strongly implicated in the development of depression. Recent evidence has indicated that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are related to the cleavage of pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) into its mature form. Chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) is w...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.054
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bombesin, an analog to gastrin releasing peptide, has previously been shown to inhibit food intake in the rat. In order to further characterize the effects of bombesin on ingestive behavior, the present study examined licking patterns of rats drinking sweetened condensed milk following bombesin (4 micrograms/kg, IP) o...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(93)90384-r
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gross and subgross anatomical observations of the penis pointed to a mechanical arrangement whereby contraction of the bulbocavernosus (BC) muscles would enhance erections of the glans penis and contraction of the ischiocavernosus (IC) muscles would enhance or produce penis flips. These functions for the muscles were ...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(83)90277-9
更新日期：1983-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carbohydrate intake, preference, and taste thresholds may be altered in current and former cigarette smokers, which may mediate weight gain and risk for obesity in individuals who quit smoking. Attempts to model these effects in rodents have primarily used noncontingent nicotine administration. The purpose of this res...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.002
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aims of this study were 1) to describe the effects of a 54 km and 111 km ultra-endurance mountain race on the biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation, 2) to compare the effects between the two races regarding the biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation. Sixteen ultra-endurance amateur runners volunteered...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.002
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cold water swim (CWS, 2 degrees C, 3.5 min) decreases the responsiveness to nociceptive stimuli in rats. The influence of various parameters of the CWS condition on stress-induced analgesia were evaluated by means of naltrexone effects. Naltrexone dose-dependently (but significantly only at high doses--21 mg/kg) parti...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0031-9384(84)90308-1
更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We examined the effects of 30 min of cycling exercise at a moderate intensity of 50% peak oxygen uptake, compared to 30 min of rest, on changes in emotional responses to pictorial foreground stimuli that reliably elicit unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant affect. Emotional responses were measured by self-reports of vale...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.10.001
更新日期：2007-02-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Adolescence and excessive intake of saccharin have each been previously associated with enhanced vulnerability to drug abuse. In the present study, we focused on the relationship between these two factors using male adolescent and adult rats selectively bred for high (HiS) and low (LoS) levels of saccharin intake. On ...
journal_title：Physiology & behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.001
更新日期：2007-05-16 00:00:00
