Abstract：
:Available infant formulas contain a vast assortment of carbohydrate, protein, and fat sources in an effort to emulate the composition of human milk. Although infants receiving commercial formulas thrive, physicians should be cognizant of differences in formula composition and the research that has resulted in the differences. Such awareness permits rational and scientific recommendations both in prescription of formulas and in direction of research on the optimal formula composition for infants.
journal_name
Pediatr Clin North Amjournal_title
Pediatric clinics of North Americaauthors
Redel CA,Shulman RJdoi
10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38838-1subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-10-01 00:00:00pages
909-24issue
5eissn
0031-3955issn
1557-8240pii
S0031-3955(16)38838-1journal_volume
41pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The increase in single-parent families, step-families, maternal employment, and young children in substitute care are among several important changes in the American family in recent decades. Although it is not clear that these changes necessarily lead to negative outcomes in children, it is apparent that a variety of...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36584-1
更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pediatric patients presenting with painless scrotal masses can be perplexing because of the long differential diagnosis. A careful plan based on the physical examination and sonogram findings localizes the mass to the testis or an extratesticular location. Sonography distinguishes solid from cystic lesions. Subsequent...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70555-1
更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tics in children and adolescents are a common occurrence; however, a small proportion of these disorders require pharmacologic interventions. Several limitations exist with the use of pharmacologic interventions, and hence, a more ideal multidisciplinary approach is recommenced, with emphasis on nonpharmacologic manag...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2010.10.004
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article focuses on recent developments that have defined the autoimmune nature of this entity and its genetic basis, especially the crucial roles of aspartic acid at position 57 of the DQ beta chain and arginine at position 52 of the DQ alpha chain of the HLA complex on chromosome 6 in conferring susceptibility; ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70476-4
更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evaluation of the newborn with hyperbilirubinemia is an important and commonly encountered problem in all clinical pediatric-based practices. Cholestatic jaundice is always pathologic and warrants prompt assessment. The timely evaluation and directed treatment of any jaundiced newborn are essential to prevent serious ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38655-2
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hyperthyroidism in infants and children usually is caused by Graves' disease; however, several other diseases can also produce hyperthyroidism in these age groups. Because the pathophysiology and clinical course of these conditions differ, optimal treatment depends on precise diagnosis. ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)37011-0
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ocular trauma is a much more common cause of visual loss than is generally recognized. The authors present guidelines for the examination of eye injuries and follow with a discussion of the more common and more serious traumatic injuries. ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34509-6
更新日期：1983-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article acquaints readers with the data sources documenting the dramatic increases of overweight and obesity in the United States in the past 40 years, explains the reference standards for ascertaining measures of overweight in adults and children, and cites evidence that establishes obesity as a risk factor for ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2004.07.005
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diagnosis and treatment of CMI is undergoing reexamination that includes redefinition of the anatomic Chiari malformation and refinement and redefinition of the clinical syndrome. Children with SMI present with head pain of some kind, a neurologic deficit, or with signs of spinal cord dysfunction from syrinx. Some wil...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0031-3955(03)00208-6
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The application of the principles underlying successful renal transplantation in children has led us to increasing success in achieving our goals, which involve more than simple renal function replacement and include effective growth in stature, skeletal and central nervous system development, as well as social develo...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36327-1
更新日期：1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The control of nosocomial infection in a pediatric intensive care unit is important not only because of the serious nature of the patient's condition, but also because of the greater staff-patient contact and inevitable crowding of patients, staff, and equipment. In order to control the spread of nosocomial infection,...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is an uncommon disease, yet 25 to 30 per cent of cases involve children. The initial clinical findings are nonspecific (fever, altered mental status), but most cases evolve to demonstrate focal neurologic signs and symptoms. The CSF is abnormal in over 90 per cent of cases. The EEG, C...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36466-5
更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vaccines are now available for the prevention of hepatitis A and hepatitis B. In this article, biologics are reviewed with special attention to their use in the pediatric patient. Special attention is paid to issues that developed in 1999. For hepatitis A vaccine, it is the change in US recommendations regarding incre...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70213-3
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite declines in adolescent pregnancy rates in the past decade, unplanned pregnancies among adolescents remain a significant problem in the United States. Clinicians caring for adolescents can be certain to encounter pregnancy in their patients. This article addresses surveillance and diagnosis for pregnancy in the...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70145-0
更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The causes of macroscopic and microscopic hematuria overlap; both are often caused by urinary tract infections or urethral/bladder irritation. Coexistent hypertension and proteinuria should prompt investigation for glomerular disease. The most common glomerulonephritis in children is postinfectious glomerulonephritis....
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2018.08.003
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intestinal failure (IF) is the ultimate malabsorption state, with multiple causes, requiring long-term therapy with enteral or intravenous fluids and nutrient supplements. The primary goal during management of children with potentially reversible IF is to promote intestinal autonomy while supporting normal growth, nut...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.005
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dyspnea is a complex psychophysiologic sensation that requires intact afferent and efferent pathways for the full perception of the neuromechanical dissociation between the respiratory effort attempted and the work actually accomplished. The sensation is triggered or accentuated by a variety of receptors located in th...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.015
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fluid homeostasis requires adequate water intake, regulated by an intact thirst mechanism and appropriate free water excretion by the kidneys, mediated by appropriate secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP, also known as antidiuretic hormone). AVP exerts its antidiuretic action by binding to the X chromosome-encoded V...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2011.07.013
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neonatal resuscitation is an attempt to facilitate the dynamic transition from fetal to neonatal physiology. This article outlines the current practices in delivery room management of the neonate. Developments in cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques for term and preterm infants and advances in the areas of cerebra...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2009.03.003
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sepsis remains a major clinical problem in children, with a high mortality rate. Recent discoveries have identified the major cytokines involved in sepsis and several anticytokine strategies have been used in clinical trials. Antiendotoxin, anticytokine, and even steroid therapy have been studied in humans, with limit...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70469-7
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this article, I have attempted to summarize the concept of intestinal permeability to antigens such as ingested food proteins, bacterial breakdown products, endotoxins, and enzymes. The mature gut retains the capacity to absorb macromolecules by a pinocytotic mechanism which is more pronounced during the neonatal p...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)33204-7
更新日期：1975-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although recent spikes in overdose deaths are largely attributable to heroin and fentanyl, prescription opioids still account for a significant percentage of overdose deaths. Additionally, overdose deaths are not a problem solely for adults; roughly 8% of all overdose deaths occur in persons aged 15 to 24. In addition...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.005
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article covers several aspects of the clinical management of neonatal hypoglycemia that have recently evolved, reviewing the evidence informing these recommended changes in practice. Topics covered include use of buccal dextrose gel, rationale for avoiding the traditional "mini dextrose bolus," and benefits of di...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2018.12.004
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The many diseases and disorders that frequently have ophthalmologic implications in the pediatric age group are discussed. ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34506-0
更新日期：1983-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Emergency medicine requires diagnosing unfamiliar patients with undifferentiated acute presentations. This requires hypothesis generation and questioning, examination, and testing. Balancing patient load, care across the severity spectrum, and frequent interruptions create time pressures that predispose humans to fast...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2018.07.003
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neonatal infections continue to cause morbidity and mortality in infants. Among approximately 400,000 infants followed nationally, the incidence rates of early-onset sepsis infection within 3 days of life are 0.98 cases per 1000 live births. Newborn infants are at increased risk for infections because they have relati...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2014.11.010
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Status epilepticus is a serious medical emergency that requires prompt and appropriate intervention. Maintenance of adequate vital function with attention to airway, breathing, and circulation; prevention of systemic complications; and rapid termination of seizures must be coupled with investigating and treating any u...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70334-5
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ultimately, after gathering and assessing all available evidence, pediatricians and health care policymakers must make informed decisions on whether exposure to a specific agent has the potential to cause cancer in children. In the case of DES, for which the results were clear, there was no question that the drug shou...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70370-9
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advancements in the care of children with cancer have, in part, been achieved through improvements in supportive care. Situations that require prompt care can occur at the time of presentation as well as during treatment. This article discusses the approach to children with fever and neutropenia, a complication encoun...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2014.09.016
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute cerebrovascular injury in term and preterm infants is a cause of significant morbidity. Treatment efforts in the past have focused on attempts to prevent such injury by interceding during labor in term infants and improving neonatal care in preterm infants. Epidemiologic studies suggest that these strategies hav...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38368-7
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
