Abstract：
:In an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic knee bracing and to determine the influence of brace design and material characteristics on the protection of knee ligaments, a series of biomechanical studies were completed. The first series of tests were preliminary parametric tests of brace function utilizing cadaver limbs to understand the failure biomechanics of the medial restraints during low- and high-rate valgus-producing knee trauma. Static and dynamic mechanical properties of the braces were also studied. Finally, a limited series of brace/cadaver knee low-rate loading response tests were performed. With the information obtained from preliminary testing, an instrumented surrogate knee was developed and validated for lateral impact responses. The surrogate allowed for the measurement of ligament force time response during a controlled impact. Special impact facilities were constructed to allow the measurement and control of impact momentum. The effectiveness of six different prophylactic braces in preventing MCL and ACL injury was evaluated using the surrogate and impact facility. Impact parameters of mass, velocity, knee flexion angle, and limb restraint were varied to simulate different direct lateral impact conditions of game play. Testing results were normalized and expressed as an impact safety factor to allow for comparison of braces. An ISF of 1.5 (representing a ligament force reduction of 30%) was arbitrarily chosen as the minimum standard for brace performance. The majority of prophylactic knee braces tested proved to be biomechanically inadequate for protecting the MCl from a direct lateral impact. A few, however, appear to protect the ACL preferentially. In the case of a controlled, direct lateral blow, all but a few braces tested provided some beneficial protection to the MCL and ACL, but performed well below the standard 1.5 ISF level. Therefore, based on the biomechanical research, it is our opinion that the concept of prophylactic lateral knee bracing can be effective. We recommend that prophylactic braces not be abandoned, but rather improved, biomechanically validated, and further evaluated through well-controlled prospective clinical studies.
journal_name
Clin Sports Medjournal_title
Clinics in sports medicineauthors
France EP,Paulos LEsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-10-01 00:00:00pages
823-41issue
4eissn
0278-5919issn
1556-228Xjournal_volume
9pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The conservative management of shoulder instability depends on a well-defined program that emphasizes early diminution in the patient's symptoms, appropriate immobilization, and a well-defined precise rehabilitation program that can be individually tailored to meet the patient's needs. Immobilization should be conside...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The valued techniques and types of plain roentgenograms of the cervical spine and the lumbar spine in athletic injuries are discussed. A considerable number of injury types exist, as well as a large number of various roentgenographic views that the physician may order. In approaching the athlete with an injured spine,...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most studies have found lower bone mass among women with exercise-induced oligomenorrhea compared with eumenorrheic control women and athletes. These findings have important implications regarding increased risk of both stress fractures and premature osteoporosis. Active and athletic women should be encouraged to keep...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding the results and statistics reported in original research remains a large challenge for many sports medicine practitioners and, in turn, may be among one of the biggest barriers to integrating research into sports medicine practice. The purpose of this article is to provide minimal essentials a sports med...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2018.03.004
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Athletes, like other patients, will adhere to their treatment more readily if they believe the physician really understands their needs and cares about them as individuals. The guidelines provided in this article are intended to help the practitioner respond more effectively to each individual patient because effectiv...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction should consider control of postoperative pain and swelling, protection of the healing graft, restoration of full range of motion symmetric to the contralateral knee, strengthening of the muscles that stabilize the knee, hip, and trunk, enhancing neur...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2012.08.016
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is an increasing need for articular cartilage restoration procedures. Hyaline cartilage lacks intrinsic healing capacity. Persistent osteochondral defects can lead to early and rapid degenerative changes. Microfracture and autologous chondrocyte implantation provide reasonable outcomes for smaller defects withou...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2017.02.007
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Surgical treatment of patellar dislocations, acute and chronic, has evolved significantly over the past decade with the advance of biomechanical knowledge of patellofemoral restraints and injury patterns identified by physical examination and improved imaging techniques. There continues to be no consensus on treatment...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(02)00031-5
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Athletes consistently recruit or transfer high levels of repetitive force through the spine. Proper force transmission from the legs to the hips and pelvis and through the trunk is vital. Hip and pelvis joint restrictions and muscle strength deficits coupled with poor endurance of the trunk muscle will lead to spinal ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2012.03.003
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The rehabilitation of an athletic injury may represent the greatest challenge of an athlete's career. The challenge to the sports medicine professional is to provide the most up to date and best care possible. Prehabilitation is one part of that care. Management of the acute injury, conditioning the athlete, and preve...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:All ancient societies have been documented as having various aspects of gymnastics in their overall pattern of health and conditioning. In 700 BC the Athenians added gymnastics to Olympic competition; television coverage of gymnastics in the modern Olympics, combined with a heightened interest in physical fitness in g...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There have been a growing number of participants in high school and collegiate athletics in recent years, placing ever-increasing demands on the sports medicine team. Building a winning sports medicine team is equally as important to the success of an athletic organization as fielding talented athletes. Acquisition of...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2006.12.003
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The overall health benefits of cardiovascular exercise, such as running, are well established. However, it is also well established that in certain circumstances running can lead to overload injuries of muscle, tendon, and bone. In contrast, it has not been established that running leads to degeneration of articular c...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2010.03.006
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Electromagnetic interventions in general and those considering the musculoskeletal system in particular hold many obscurities. Several studies revealing positive effects of electromagnetic fields oppose those showing no beneficial effects. After a historical review and a discussion of basic details on electromagnetic ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2007.10.006
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Refinements in arthroscopic techniques have fostered an upsurge in arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. This article explores the relative merits of autogenous and allogeneic tissue used for this purpose and describes several important technical points in the author's preferred method o...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A previously unpublished report of seven professional athletes who were treated for ulnar-sided wrist pain is presented in this article. This report is followed by an introduction to the anatomy, examination, and imaging of the ulnar side of the wrist. Specific sources of ulnar-sided wrist pain, including triangulofib...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70102-2
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The article reviews the clinical features of the acutely torn anterior cruciate ligament. The alternatives and techniques of repair are discussed. Results of primary repair are presented. A rationale for therapeutic options is presented. ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Patellofemoral dysfunction is a common but not yet well-managed condition affecting a large number of athletes. It is important to perform a thorough evaluation of these athletes including soft-tissue imbalances and faulty movement patterns. It is also important to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sports medicine literature often refers to "swimmer's shoulder." Increasingly, however, it is evident that swimmer's shoulder is a spectrum of maladies whose underlying origins may be incidental to athletic activity. Those dealing with the treatment of swimmers should have a thorough understanding of the differential ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70150-2
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An increased knowledge of the biomechanics of normal walking and running will improve our understanding of the possible mechanisms of pathology and ultimately improve the treatment of pathology and injury. Running, a natural extension of walking, involves increased velocities, joint range of motion, forces, muscle act...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rehabilitation of the lower extremities has fallen into two basic categories known as open and closed kinetic chain activities. Closed kinetic chain exercises are functional exercises specific to sport movement patterns. Exercises performed with a variety of equipment may be classified as closed kinetic chain. Program...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As in all other medical evaluations, the evaluation of the cardiovascular system in the competitive athlete or the nonathlete wishing to exercise must begin with a carefully performed history and physical examination. Subsequent studies, including chest radiograph and electrocardiogram, may be waived in certain popula...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cervical spine is placed at risk of injury in a number of athletic activities. It is important to understand the principles and methods of therapeutic and rehabilitative exercises both to prepare the athlete for the demands each sport will place on his or her body and to return the injured athlete to activity safe...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteochondral lesions are relatively common and usually occur as a result of trauma. They often are unrecognized acutely and lead to osteochondral defects and eventually osteoarthritis. Detection of these lesions has been aided by bone scan, CT, and MR imaging. Acute osteochondral fragments can be replaced and interna...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70308-2
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a time of declining reimbursement for patient care services, establishing an in-office IME company enables orthopedic practices to generate additional revenue to subsidize clinical activities without compromising the credibility and integrity of their physicians; however, the decision to enter the medical/legal con...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(01)00004-7
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary ACL repair with or without extra-articular augmentation can be functionally and statically successful based on our experience in high-performance athletes. Proper surgical technique, appropriate rehabilitation, and excellent quality of the tissue being repaired are required to achieve these results. Several no...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are an uncommon but significant instability pattern that eventually deteriorates the articular surface of the PLC-deficient knee. Although controversy persists regarding the appropriate treatment for the isolated PCL tear, patients with combined ligament injuries are b...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the immediate neurocognitive effects of sports-related concussion are well known, less is known about the intermediate or long-term effects of sports-related concussions. A sample of selected studies of high-school and collegiate athletes is reviewed and the intermediate effects of concussive injuries are dis...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2010.09.002
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The practitioner need not be an expert in swimming but should understand the rudiments of the stroke and training techniques such patients are subjected to. This will aid in proper identification and analysis of the problem. The solution may require the resources of physician, therapist, coach, and parent as well as s...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ankle injuries occur frequently in an athletic population. Understanding the anatomy, biomechanics, pathomechanics, differential diagnosis, and special pediatric considerations allows an accurate diagnosis. Treatment with a nonoperative aggressive goal-oriented therapy program has been successful at the United States ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
