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Blood cadmium, mercury, and lead in children: an international comparison of cities in six European countries, and China, Ecuador, and Morocco.

Abstract：

:Children's blood-lead concentration (B-Pb) is well studied, but little is known about cadmium (B-Cd) and mercury (B-Hg), in particular for central Europe. Such information is necessary for risk assessment and management. Therefore, we here describe and compare B-Pb, B-Cd and B-Hg in children in six European, and three non-European cities, and identify determinants of these exposures. About 50 school children (7-14 years) from each city were recruited (totally 433) in 2007-2008. Interview and questionnaire data were obtained. A blood sample was analyzed: only two laboratories with strict quality control were used. The European cities showed only minor differences for B-Cd (geometric means 0.11-0.17 μg/L) and B-Pb (14-20 μg/L), but larger for B-Hg (0.12-0.94 μg/L). Corresponding means for the non-European countries were 0.21-0.26, 32-71, and 0.3-3.2 μg/L, respectively. For B-Cd in European samples, traffic intensity close to home was a statistically significant determinant, for B-Hg fish consumption and amalgam fillings, and for B-Pb sex (boys higher). This study shows that European city children's B-Cd and B-Pb vary only little between countries; B-Hg differs considerably, due to varying tooth restoration practices and fish intake. Traffic intensity seemed to be a determinant for B-Cd. The metal concentrations were low from a risk perspective but the chosen non-European cities showed higher concentrations than the cities in Europe.

journal_name

Environ Int

journal_title

Environment international

authors

Hrubá F,Strömberg U,Černá M,Chen C,Harari F,Harari R,Horvat M,Koppová K,Kos A,Krsková A,Krsnik M,Laamech J,Li YF,Löfmark L,Lundh T,Lundström NG,Lyoussi B,Mazej D,Osredkar J,Pawlas K,Pawlas N,Prokopowicz A,Rent

doi

10.1016/j.envint.2011.12.001

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2012-05-01 00:00:00

pages

29-34

eissn

0160-4120

issn

1873-6750

pii

S0160-4120(11)00272-8

journal_volume

41

pub_type

杂志文章

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