Abstract：
:This article summarizes and critically evaluates the scientific literature for the annual and lifetime medical care costs of obesity in women in the United States. Studies involving actual and projected costs are reviewed. Studies were favored that included large, nationally representative samples; accounted for the influence of potential confounding factors; and adjusted for decreased survival in obese women when comparing costs with women of normal weight. Despite a wide variety of methodology in model cost estimation and projection in the studies published, the evidence suggests significant costs attributable to overweight and obesity in women that vary throughout the lifespan and by specific racial and obesity categories.
journal_name
Obstet Gynecol Clin North Amjournal_title
Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North Americaauthors
Gavard JAdoi
10.1016/j.ogc.2009.04.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-06-01 00:00:00pages
213-26, xiiissue
2eissn
0889-8545issn
1558-0474pii
S0889-8545(09)00040-0journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:In less than two decades, hysteroscopy has evolved into a practical technique for the evaluation of the uterine cavity, with well-established indications such as evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding and abnormal hysterograms as well as the treatment of intrauterine adhesions or the septate uterus, the removal of mi...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Crew resource management (CRM), adapted from aviation for the practice of medicine, offers the potential of reducing medical errors, increasing employee retention, and improving patient satisfaction. CRM, however, requires a culture that promotes teamwork and acceptance of new concepts. Leadership is needed to transfo...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2007.12.011
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The influence of physiologic, psychologic, and cultural influences on human sexuality is reviewed. These factors are considered in the exploration of how adolescents express their sexuality and the consequences of that expression. ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite persisting controversy over shoulder dystocia prediction, prevention, and injury causation, the authors find considerable evidence in recent research in the field to recommend additional guidelines beyond the current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Royal College of Obstetricians and Gyn...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2011.02.015
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of laparoscopic ultrasound probes has been shown to improve outcomes and facilitate surgery for hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers. It is a useful, inexpensive, and safe imaging technique that should also supplement operative laparoscopy for gynecologic indications. These techniques are new, and their use in...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8545(05)70058-9
更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An understanding of cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing is important for several reasons. This article describes the prevalence of cesarean for nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing and risk factors, indicates what type of fetal heart rate tracing abnormalities prompts cesarean delivery, reit...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2005.01.003
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article focuses on the clinical evaluation and management of women who have thrombophilia-related placental vascular complications, including fetal loss, pre-eclampsia, intrauterine fetal growth restriction, and placental abruption. All are major causes of maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2006.05.010
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The placenta can serve as a valuable source of information about maternal and fetal conditions during the pregnancy; however, the abilities to perform a preliminary gross examination and interpret a placental pathology report are variable among obstetricians. This article discusses the indications for placental submis...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2019.10.007
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since its initial approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 20 years ago for the treatment of strabismus, hemifacial spasm, and blepharospasm in adults, botulinum toxin (BTX) has become one of the most frequently requested products in cosmetic rejuvenation around the world. After years of clinical success ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2010.10.002
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The serum CA-125 level is elevated in most women with endometriosis. Although tests are readily available to measure the marker, simple modifications of the present assays are required to improve and standardize the quality of the measurements. The serum test has low sensitivity and would not be appropriate for genera...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It appears that both laparoscopic and laparotomy approaches to myomectomy are viable surgical procedures. Both surgeries can be performed with minimal risk. Pregnancy rates after either procedure are high. The advantage of laparotomy over laparoscopy is that it is technically easier. On the other hand, laparoscopy ena...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8545(00)80031-5
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Congenital heart disease comprises most maternal cardiac diseases in pregnancy and is an important cause of maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pregnancy is often considered a high-risk state for individuals with structural heart disease as a consequence of a limited ability to adapt to th...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2018.01.011
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endometriosis is defined by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Clinical and basic research in endometriosis has been hampered severely by the lack of accurate noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Transvaginal ultrasonography, MRI, and endometrial and serum markers have the potential to facilitate the...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8545(02)00055-4
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Penile HPV infection and disease are very common in sexually active men, and may be manifest in many forms. Treatment of clinically detectable lesions is advisable not only to relieve symptoms but also to prevent the spread of HPV infection to new sexual partners. Treatment of subclinical disease is more controversial...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8545(05)70281-3
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Electrosurgery is used on a daily basis in the operating room, but it remains poorly understood by those using it. In addition, the physics of electrosurgery are far more complicated than those of laser. Common belief notwithstanding, electrosurgery has an enormous capacity for patient injury if used incorrectly, even...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2010.05.007
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Urinary tract abnormalities are fairly common in the perinatal period. Ultrasonography is an effective diagnostic tool for identifying fetal urinary tract anomalies and can be helpful in establishing prognosis and guiding treatment decisions. The sonographer is encouraged to characterize and localize the fetal urinary...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8545(05)70026-7
更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The introduction of transabdominal fiberoptic thin-gauge visualization of the embryo or fetus in the first trimester allows an earlier diagnosis of congenital anomalies currently beyond the resolution of ultrasound. In addition, it has the true potential of providing access to the fetal circulation at an early age, an...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An update on the current epidemiology and a review of the risk factors of cervical and endometrial cancers are discussed. Cervical cancer prevention with a focus on human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cancer screening is reviewed, emphasizing the new focus of less frequent intervention in an effort to mainta...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2017.02.009
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:All the existing data show that combination estrogen/progestogen therapy is mandatory if any replacement therapy is to be given to the woman over age 40. Sufficient evidence has indicated that estrogen alone is inadequate; progestogen must be given to prevent endometrial hyperplasia, lower the risk of breast cancer, a...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hematologic disorders in pregnancy are relatively common and encompass a wide spectrum of clinical conditions. The treatment and obstetric management of the majority of these diseases are well established, although controversy exists in areas such as sickle cell disease and ITP. Once the diagnosis of a specific disord...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article discusses pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of high-grade cervical dysplasia. ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2008.09.008
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Emergency contraception is used after unprotected sex, inadequately protected sex, or sexual assault to reduce the risk of pregnancy. Of emergency contraceptive methods available in the United States, the copper intrauterine device has the highest efficacy, followed by ulipristal acetate, levonorgestrel-containing eme...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2015.08.003
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A specific technique of advanced operative laparoscopy, known as videolaseroscopy, using the CO2 laser and videomonitor, is described. Operating room setup, anesthesia considerations, and specific applications to pelvic disease are elaborated. ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The concept of having an in-house obstetrician (serving as an obstetrics [OB] hospitalist) available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week provides a safety net for OB events that many need immediate intervention for a successful outcome. A key precept of risk management, that of loss prevention, fits perfectly with the addit...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2015.05.008
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Voiding dysfunction in women results from either a failure of the bladder to contract appropriately or a failure of the urethra or bladder neck to relax during attempts at micturition. Complaints of urinary frequency and urgency most often accompany voiding dysfunction. Associated symptoms, which are not always presen...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of cytology in cervical cancer screening is rapidly evolving. Widespread implementation of The Bethesda System with its accompanying atlas has provided uniform terminology and criteria for reporting cervical pathology. The development of new methods for preparing cytologic specimens as well as many other scre...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive age, that is, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, is a very common symptom encountered in office gynecology. The judicious use of hysteroscopy to manage this medical entity adds a new dimension in handling this often perplexing problem. This article focuses mainly on abnormal ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Providers of obstetric and gynecologic care are often the most commonly seen medical providers for adult women, providing primary and reproductive care. Even where psychiatric care is readily available, obstetricians/gynecologists are frequently the front line for recognition, education, and initial management of many...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2016.02.001
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As many as 50% of spontaneous preterm births are infection-associated. Intrauterine infection leads to a maternal and fetal inflammatory cascade, which produces uterine contractions and may also result in long-term adverse outcomes, such as cerebral palsy. This article addresses the prevalence, microbiology, and manag...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ogc.2005.03.001
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Marihuana and tobacco smoking are two of the most commonly abused substances in pregnancy. Smoke from both agents contain a multitude of potentially active components, which make them difficult to study. Both have been associated with adverse effects in pregnancy in animal and human studies. Data on marihuana use duri...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8545(05)70358-2
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
