Abstract：
:Fatalities secondary to inhalation of volcanic gases in the United States have rarely been reported. We report the deaths of 3 ski patrol members at a popular California ski resort. After a snowstorm, ski patrol members were fencing off a well-known volcanic fumarole when the snow around the vent collapsed. Two members slid into the deep hole and rapidly lost consciousness. A third member carrying oxygen descended into the hole and also lost consciousness. A fourth member affixed an oxygen mask, but still lost consciousness upon descent. The 3 initial victims expired at the scene, while the fourth victim survived. Autopsy results for all 3 were consistent with a suffocation/asphyxiation death. In the case described, the involved fumarole is a well-known source of toxic gases. Atmospheric sampling data dating back decades demonstrate that carbon dioxide levels typically range from 97% to 99%, nitrogen gas from 1% to 3%, and hydrogen sulfide from .004% to .07%. Other gases in smaller concentrations include oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. Given the rapidity with which our victims lost consciousness and the historical data available on the Mammoth Mountain Fumarole (MMF), it is plausible that our patients suffered from acute asphyxiation, although the contribution of the directly toxic effects of the gases involved cannot be ruled out. During winter months, snow can build up and disguise volcanic vents and potentially trap toxic fumes to form dangerous, gas-filled pits. Recognition of such potential hazards is essential when working in or venturing into volcanically active areas during the winter.
journal_name
Wilderness Environ Medjournal_title
Wilderness & environmental medicineauthors
Cantrell L,Young Mdoi
10.1580/08-WEME-CR-199.1subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-04-01 00:00:00pages
77-9issue
1eissn
1080-6032issn
1545-1534pii
1080-6032-20-1-77journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章abstract：INTRODUCTION:Sport helmet effectiveness in preventing traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been repeatedly questioned. This study assesses the effect of helmet use on risk of TBI and other types of head injury (OTHI) in alpine sports. METHODS:From 2012 to 2014, data on the injured population were collected by physicians i...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2017.11.007
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The main goal was to explore the different toxin properties (proteolytic, hemorrhagic, and neurotoxic) of Leptodeira annulata ashmeadii Duvernoy's gland secretion (DGS). METHODS:To separate and characterize the different proteins present in L. annulata ashmeadii DGS, 20% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/1080-6032(2004)015[0082:phanac]2.0.co;2
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this case study is to examine the physiological/behavioral factors leading up to heat exhaustion in a male wildland firefighter during wildland fire suppression. The participant (24 years old, 173 cm, 70 kg, and 3 years firefighting experience) experienced heat exhaustion following 7 hours of high ambie...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2011.01.008
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:We aimed to ascertain risk factors for acute mountain sickness (AMS) in miners exposed to chronic intermittent high altitude conditions. METHODS:All new hires (2009-2012) for mine employment (4000 m above sea level) were followed up for 12 months after first ascent. Demographics, physiologic data, and cigare...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2014.10.006
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A captive breeding program for venomous Thai snakes was established at the Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute at Bangkok, Thailand. This was necessary to secure a stable, healthy, and species-confirmed source of snake venom for antivenom production. In 1994, wild-caught specimens were collected, sexed, quarantined, and...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0017:vshit]2.0.co;2
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stingray envenomation is a common occurrence. X-ray evaluation of stingray wounds is an unnecessarily misunderstood diagnostic concept. We present the case of a patient stung by a stingray with a prolonged and complicated course and permanent disability due to a retained barb. The patient had undergone multiple medica...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2015.03.006
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wilderness medicine training has become increasingly popular among medical professionals with numerous educational opportunities nationwide. Curricula for fellowship programs and for medical student education have previously been developed and published, but a specific curriculum for wilderness medicine education duri...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2017.10.003
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Finger growth plate injuries are the most common injury among youth climbers, and the association between these injuries and speed climbing, a mandatory discipline in the 2021 Olympics, has not been examined previously. Our primary purpose was to examine the demographic and training characteristics of adol...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2020.06.008
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To describe injuries and illnesses treated during an expedition-length adventure race and combine the results with those from previous studies to identify common patterns of injury and illness during these events. METHODS:The 2003 Subaru Primal Quest Expedition Length Adventure Race was held in Lake Tahoe, C...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/pr29-05
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a recognized risk of rapid ascent to high altitude. Since the recognition of this entity more than 30 years ago, most pulmonary deaths at high altitude have been attributed to HAPE. However, as the bodies can almost never be recovered for postmortem examination, rare diagnoses t...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/1080-6032(1995)006[0220:pepaha]2.3.co;2
更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two children, ages 2 and 4 years, envenomed by the snake Cerastes vipera are presented. Both children suffered from local pain and swelling of the hand that spread up to the shoulder in the 2-year-old and up to the elbow in the 4-year-old. A hemorrhagic blister was noted on the bitten finger in the younger patient. Ur...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/1080-6032(1995)006[0269:sbbcvi]2.3.co;2
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Our intent was to observe the effect of simulated altitude exposure on the intracranial pressure (ICP) of New Zealand white rabbits. It is theorized that the hypoxia of high altitude causes a rise in ICP, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Dexamethasone is a medication...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/1080-6032(2003)14[183:baeinz]2.0.co;2
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The purposes of this experiment were to determine the repeatability of acute mountain sickness (AMS), AMS symptoms, and physiological responses across 2 identical hypoxic exposures. METHODS:Subjects (n = 25) spent 3 nights at simulated altitude in a normobaric hypoxia chamber: twice at a partial pressure of ...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2013.11.007
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the knowledge, beliefs, and behavior of local residents and visitors to North Queensland who may be at risk of contact with "Irukandji" jellyfish. METHODS:Structured interviews were conducted with 208 ferry passengers (92.9% response) traveling between Magnetic Island and Townsville (19 degrees ...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/1080-6032(2004)015[0004:rkpabo]2.0.co;2
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The Kham Tibetans are one of several Tibetan ethnic subgroups living in the Kham area of China. Because studies on the high-altitude adaptation of the Kham people are scant, the main aim of this study is to investigate whether the response to hypoxia, especially polycythemia status, in the Kham Tibetans is...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2017.09.010
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Depending on their theatre of operation, French soldiers may potentially be exposed to scorpion stings and snakebites. Following the recommendations of a French military health service (FMHS) technical committee for envenomation, the FMHS provides antivenoms appropriate to each deployment. This work aimed ...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2020.01.006
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We present 3 cases of severe hyponatremia occurring on a commercially guided river rafting trip on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park. All 3 women appeared to have been overhydrating because of concern about dehydration and required evacuation within 24 hours of each other after the staggered onset of sy...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2014.08.007
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The incidence of fatal closed head injury (CHI) and nonfatal CHI causing an altered level of consciousness in avalanche victims is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and potential significance of CHI in avalanche-related deaths. METHODS:The records of the state medical examiner an...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0244:atachi]2.0.co;2
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to describe the pediatric emergencies encountered by the Christophorus-1 helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) during a period of 2 years. METHODS:Emergency treatment of pediatric casualties by HEMS was evaluated at a helicopter base. Children up to 14 years who were tre...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2016.03.001
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Mountaineers face a variety of health risks at altitude including pulmonary edema; portable ultrasound may be used to diagnose high altitude pulmonary edema. This report tests the functionality of electronic equipment in a hypobaric test environment and the ability of remotely guided nonexperts to use ultraso...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/08-WEME-BR-228R2.1
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During historic, as well as more recent, conflicts, most combat casualties who die from their injuries do so in the prehospital setting. Although many of the injuries incurred by these casualties are nonsurvivable, a number of injuries are still potentially survivable. Of those injuries that are potentially survivable...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2016.11.007
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of gender and menstrual cycle on the percent of carbohydrate (CHO) utilized during cold water immersion (20 degrees C). Previous research has suggested that males and females utilize CHO differently during submaximal exercise. This study examined whether t...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/1080-6032(2000)011[0005:teogam]2.3.co;2
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Clinical and bacteriological features of cobra (Naja) bites are still relatively unknown in Vietnam. This study aimed to characterize the clinical and bacteriological characteristics of local wounds in patients with presumed Naja spp bite, as well as their antibiotic treatment. METHODS:A cross-sectional s...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2020.01.002
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The study aimed to examine the physiological responses to acute normobaric hypoxia during an intermittent walking protocol. METHODS:Twelve active healthy male participants completed a 125-minute test that involved rest and walking (50% VO(2max)) during normoxic (20.93%O(2)) and 2 hypoxic conditions (14%O(2) ...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1580/07-WEME-OR-143.1
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Antarctic expeditioners face extremes of environmental conditions along with isolation which affect normal human activity at a polar station. Diets of polar expeditioners consist of products that have been kept in storage for more than a year. Processing and preservation adversely affect the nutritive value o...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1580/06-WEME-OR-004R3.1
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency requiring prompt action to prevent death from cardio-respiratory collapse. It can be a biphasic, unpredictable, and challenging reaction to deal with even in a hospital environment. The wilderness environments afforded by expeditions, remote health posts, and military exercises pose ...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2011.12.002
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:In low-income countries, snakebites are frequently managed in rural areas in health centers with severely constrained resources. Many healthcare providers in these settings have limited access to the numerous and relatively expensive laboratory studies used to diagnose envenomation. The relatively simple and...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2013.08.001
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 74-year-old previously healthy woman was bitten by a hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale) at dusk causing incoagulable blood lasting for 6 days. Further, she developed ecchymoses over her forearms, upper arms, hands, and lower back on day 4 after the snakebite, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). Feature...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2017.05.005
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to describe the relative frequency, patterns, and mechanisms of sailing-related injuries in dinghies and keelboats. Data were also collected on risky and risk-averse behaviors of sailors, as well as on sailing-related illnesses. METHODS:A web-based, logic-driven, multiple-choice...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2010.06.006
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1) gene are associated with the susceptibility to high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) in Han Chinese. METHODS:This study enrolled 153 HAPE patients (HAPE-p), matched with Han Chinese resistan...
journal_title：Wilderness & environmental medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.wem.2013.05.006
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
